75个必会的经济类口译热词，你get了吗？

区块链、消费革命、量化宽松、资本充足率、修斯底德陷阱、无现金社会……这些必会的经济类口译热词，你都get了吗？

block chain, consumer revolution, quantitative easing, capital adequacy rate, cashless society... > These necessary economic-class interpreters hot-words, do you get?

1、消费革命 (consumer revolution)：

指一场让消费者树立新的消费观念的活动，提倡消费者更多重视自身的权益。

The term Consumer revolution refers to the period from approximately 1600 to 1750 in England in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of "luxury" goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. The consumer revolution marked a departure from the traditional mode of life that was dominated by frugality and scarcity to one of increasingly mass consumption in society.

2、新零售（new retail）：

指将实体店零售和网络零售的优势结合起来，利用消费者数据资源将线下门店、商品、物流以及支付工具整合起来，提供更好的整体消费体验。

New Retail is a term that roughly indicates a combination of the best in physical and online retail. The latter leverage their troves of consumer data in order to integrate offline stores, merchandise, logistics and payment tools to deliver a better overall shopping experience.

3、无现金社会（cashless society）：

指能用现金支付的地方都能用上移动支付，让“无现金”成为新的主流支付方式。不是“消灭现金”，而是让支付不再受现金的约束。在那个时候，人们只要拿着手机，不带现金也能畅通无阻。中国是世界上第一个使用纸币的国家，但到了几个世纪后的现在，随着移动支付的普及程度不断提高，一些分析师预测，中国或在未来十年成为首个无现金社会。

A cashless society describes an economic state whereby financial transactions are not conducted with money in the form of physical banknotes or coins, but rather through the transfer of digital information (usually an electronic representation of money) between the transacting parties.

4、幸福产业（Happiness industries）：

就是旅游、体育、健康、教育培训和养老等与人民的生活质量和幸福感相关的产业。

Happiness industries are those related to people's quality of life and sense of well-being, such as tourism, sports, health, education and training, and elderly care.

5、独角兽公司（Unicorn）：

5, Unicorn:

独角兽为神话传说中的一种生物，它稀有而且高贵。美国著名CowboyVenture投资人AileenLee在2013年将私募和公开市场的估值超过10亿美元的创业公司做出分类，并将这些公司称为“独角兽”。

The Unicorn is a rare and noble creature of mythology. In 2013, the famous American CowboyVenture investor, AileenLee, classified corporate firms valued at more than $1 billion in private and open markets and called them “unicorns”.

Unicorn is a recently introduced term in the investment industry, and in particular

the venture capital industry, which denotes a start-up company whose valuation has exceeded $1 billion dollars.

6、空壳公司(shell companies)：

也叫现成公司(readymade company)。最早是根据英国公司法确立的一种公司法律形式。是发起人根据香港或英国的法律成立的有限公司，但是没有任命第一任董事，也没有投资者认购股份，不会发生经营及债权债务。需要公司时，投资者只需要将董事和股东交给公司秘书，由他制作相关文件。一般在数小时便可完成。

. was first established as a form of corporate law under British company law. It was a limited company formed by the initiator under the laws of Hong Kong or the United Kingdom but did not appoint its first director, nor did any investors subscribe to shares, and did not operate or claim debts.

A shell corporation is a company which serves as a vehicle for business transactions without itself having any significant assets or operations. Sometimes, shell companies are used for tax evasion or tax avoidance, or to achieve a specific goal such as anonymity.

7、营业税（business tax）：

是对在中国境内提供应税劳务转让无形资产或销售不动产的单位和个人，就其所取得的营业额征收的一种税。

Business tax is a tax payable against turnover by all enterprises and individuals undertaking the following business activities: providing taxable services, including communication, transport, construction, finance and insurance, telecom, culture, entertainment and service industries; transferring the provision of intangible assets; and selling immovable properties.

8、慢就业（delayed employment）：

指一些大学生毕业后既不打算马上就业也不打算继续深造，而是暂时选择游学、支教、在家陪父母或者创业考察，慢慢考虑人生道路的现象。据统计，中国越来越多的“90后”年轻人告别传统的“毕业就工作”模式成为“慢就业族”。

It is not uncommon nowadays for Chinese college graduates to have no interest in pursuing a career or higher education. More and more are opting to travel, do some volunteer work, try their hand at entrepreneurship or just leech off of their parents.

9、结构性失业 (structural unemployment)：

经济产业的每次变动都要求劳动力供应能迅速适应变动，但劳动力市场的结构特征却与社会对劳动力需求不吻合，由此而导致的失业被称为“结构性失业”。

Every change in the economy requires rapid adaptation of labour supply, but the structural characteristics of the labour market do not match the demands of society for labour, and the resulting unemployment is referred to as “structural unemployment”.

Structural unemployment is a form of unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills demanded of workers by employers (also known as the skills gap). Structural unemployment is often brought about by technological changes that make the job skills of many of today's workers obsolete.

10、微信小程序（WeChat “mini apps” / WeChat “mini program”）：

10, WeChat “mini apps” / WeChat “mini program”

简称小程序，缩写XCX，英文名Mini Program，是一种不需要下载安装即可使用的应用，它实现了应用“触手可及”的梦想，用户扫一扫或搜一下即可打开应用。

Abbreviation XCX, with the English name Mini Programme, is an application that can be used without downloading and installing. It fulfils the dream of applying "touchable" applications, which can be opened when users sweep or search.

WeChat Mini-Programs are light programs that do not require download or installation; users can access the apps anytime and anywhere. Users can scan a QR code to launch and use the application although search capability is added but limited. Users can simply leave the application after use without the need to uninstall.

11、付费订阅（pay-to-read）：

腾讯旗下通讯应用程序微信计划推出付费订阅的新功能，允许微信公众号向读者收取费用。

Team's communications application micro-mail plans to introduce a new feature for pay-for-subscription, allowing micro-publics to charge readers a fee.

Tencent's messaging app WeChat is mulling a new pay-to-read feature that allows its official accounts to request payment from readers.

12、自媒体（We Media）：

又称“公民媒体”或“个人媒体”，是指私人化、平民化、普泛化、自主化的传播者，以现代化、电子化的手段，向不特定的大多数或者特定的单个人传递规范性及非规范性信息的新媒体的总称。自媒体平台包括：博客、微博、微信、百度官方贴吧、论坛/BBS等网络社区。

, also known as "civic media" or "personal media), refers to private, civilian, popular, autonomous communicators who transmit, by modern, electronic means, new media that transmit normative and non-normative messages to a non-specific majority or particular individual.

In the era of We Media, everyone can publish and circulate information and opinions online, develop their own user profiles, and become independent "media entities."

13、网络直播(live streaming)：

指可以同一时间透过网络系统在不同的交流平台观看影片，是一种新兴的网络社交方式，网络直播平台也成为了一种崭新的社交媒体。主要分为实时直播游戏、电影或电视剧等。

Live streaming refers to online streaming media simultaneously recorded and broadcast in real time to the viewer. It is often simply referred to as streaming.

14、隐私面单（privacy waybill）：

是指面单上并不完整显示收件人的信息，而是通过技术手段将用户的手机号、姓名和地址等信息做加密处理，快递员通过公司自主研发的APP，直接拨号联系到收件用户。

Private waybill is a new waybill with the personal information of the sender and the receiver hidden or encrypted to protect privacy.The so-called 'privacy waybill' encrypts customers' information including names, addresses, and phone numbers. By using the company's self-developed app, couriers can call the receiver directly without knowing the telephone number.

15、达摩院（Alibaba DAMO Academy）：

15, Alibaba DAMO Academy:

达摩院代表的是“The Academy for Discovery, Adventure, Momentum and Outlook。这是一家致力于探索科技未知，以人类愿景为驱动力的研究院。2017年10月11日的云栖大会上，阿里巴巴宣布成立探索人类科技未来的实验室“达摩院”，并在三年内集团研发投入1000亿人民币，用于涵盖基础科学和颠覆式技术创新的研究。

The Academy for Discovery, Adventure, Momentum and Outlook. This is a research institute dedicated to exploring scientific and technological uncertainty, driven by the vision of humanity. On October 11, 2017, Alibaba announced the establishment of a laboratory to explore the future of human science and technology, the Dharma Academy, and over three years the Consortium has invested RMB 100 billion in research covering basic science and subversive technological innovation.

Alibaba DAMO Academy is a global research institute set up in October 2017 to attract top scientists to carry out basic science and disruptive technological innovation research.

17、工匠精神（spirit of the craftsman/craftsmanship spirit）：

17: Trades and Craftsmanship spirit:

是指工匠对自己的产品精雕细琢，精益求精的精神理念。

Workmanship is a human attribute relating to knowledge and skill at performing a task. The type of work may include the creation of handcrafts, art, writing, machinery and other products. Workmanship is also a quality imparted to a product.

18、临终关怀(hospice care)：

18, hospice care:

临终关怀并非是一种治愈疗法，而是一种专注于在患者在将要逝世前的几个星期甚至几个月的时间内，减轻其疾病的症状、延缓疾病发展的医疗护理。

Deathcare is not a cure, but rather a medical care focused on mitigating the symptoms of illness and slowing its development in the weeks or months before the patient dies.

Hospice care is a type of care and philosophy of care that focuses on the palliation of a chronically ill, terminally ill or seriously ill patient's pain and symptoms, and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs.

19、金砖国家新开发银行（BRICS New Development Bank）：

简称“金砖银行”，是由“金砖五国”（BRICS）一一巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非共同出资设立，旨在为成员国和其他发展中国家的基础设施建设和可持续发展项目提供资金支持的独立国际金融机构。

Brick Bank, an independent international financial institution co-financed by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, to provide financial support for infrastructure development and sustainable development projects in member States and other developing countries.

The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). According to the Agreement on the NDB, "the Bank shall support public or private projects through loans, guarantees, equity participation and other financial instruments." Moreover, the NDB "shall cooperate with international organizations and other financial entities, and provide technical assistance for projects to be supported by the Bank."

20、第三方支付（the third party payment）：

20, the third party payment:

是指具备一定实力和信誉保障的独立机构，采用与各大银行签约的方式，提供与银行支付结算系统接口的交易支持平台的网络支付模式。在第三方支付模式，买方选购商品后，使用第三方平台提供的账户进行货款支付（支付给第三方），并由第三方通知卖家货款到账、要求发货；买方收到货物，检验货物，并且进行确认后，再通知第三方付款；第三方再将款项转至卖家账户。

21、网联（China Nets Union Clearing Corporation）：

21, China Nets Union Clearing Corporation:

全称“网联清算有限公司”，是一个线上支付统一清算平台，在央行指导下，由中国支付清算协会（Payment & Clearing Association of China）组织支付机构成立，用以处理由非银行支付机构发起的、与银行交互的支付业务，按照“共建、共有、共享”原则（under the principle of joint set-up,ownership and sharing）共同发起筹建。网联平台的上线运行，为支付机构提供了统一、公共的支付清算服务。

All-Named “Network Liquidation Limited” is a platform for uniform liquidation of online payments, which, under the guidance of the central bank, is organized by the China Payment & Clearing Association of China to handle payment operations initiated by non-bank payment agencies that interact with banks, and is co-sponsored in accordance with the principle of “joint, shared and shared” (under the common set-up, ownership and share).

China Nets Union Clearing Corporation is a unified clearing platform for online payment. Under the guidance of the central bank, the organization of Payment & Clearing Association of China was established to deal with the payment transactions initiated by non bank payment institutions and banks. Established on August 29, 2017, the Nets Union Clearing Corporation was founded by 45 entities, with the People's Bank of China as its largest shareholder.

22、硬货币（hard currency）：

指在国际金融市场上汇价坚挺并能自由兑换，币值稳定，可以作为国际支付手段或流通手段的强势货币，有美元、日元、法郎等。

.

Hard currency, safe-haven currency or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value. Factors contributing to a currency's hard status might include the long-term stability of its purchasing power, the associated country's political and fiscal condition and outlook, and the policy posture of the issuing central bank.

23、加密货币（crypto-currency）：

是一种匿名性的虚拟货币。加密货币是不依靠法定货币机构发行，不受央行管控。它依据全世界的计算机运算一组方程式开源代码，通过计算机显卡、cpu大量的运算处理产生，并使用密码学的设计来确保货币流通各个环节安全性。基于密码学的设计可以使加密货币只能被真实的拥有者转移或支付。

is an anonymous virtual currency. Encrypted currency is not issued by a statutory monetary institution and is not controlled by a central bank. It is generated by a set of open source codes based on computer modems around the world, through computer visible cards, a large number of cpu operations, and the cryptography design is used to ensure the security of all links in currency circulation. A cryptography-based design allows encrypted money to be transferred or paid only by the true owner.

A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange using cryptography to secure the transactions, to control the creation of additional units, and to verify the transfer of assets.

24、比特币（Bitcoin）：

24, Bitcoin:

一种P2P形式的虚拟货币，拥有去中心化的特点，它不依靠特定货币机构发行，通过特定演算法的大量计算产生，比特币经济使用整个P2P网络中众多节点构成的分散式资料库来确认并记录所有的交易行为。

Bitcoin is a worldwide cryptocurrency and digital payment system called the first decentralized digital currency, since the system works without a central repository or single administrator. The system is peer-to-peer, and transactions take place between users directly, without an intermediary. These transactions are verified by network nodes and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain.

25、比特币中国（BTC China）：

25, BitcoinChina:

比特币中国，是中国第一家，也是最大的比特币交易平台，由上海萨图西网络有限公司运营，成立于2011年6月9日。团队成员主要来自中国、美国硅谷和欧洲。2014年3月12日，比特币中国正式上线莱特币交易，莱特币累计交易额超过3000万元人民币。 2017年9月30日，比特币中国停止所有交易业务。

bitcoinChina, the first and largest bitcoin trading platform in China, was established on 9 June 2011. The team members were mainly from China, Silicon Valley, United States, and Europe. On 12 March 2014, Bitcoin China officially entered the line, with a cumulative turnover of over 30 million yuan. On 30 September 2017, Bitcoin China ceased all trading operations.

BTCChina (now BTCC), based in Shanghai, was the world's second largest bitcoin exchange by volume as of October 2014. Founded in June 2011, it was China's first bitcoin exchange, and most of its customers are thought to be Chinese.In November 2013, the company had grown to 20 employees. It announced on 14 September 2017 that it was suspending trading as of 30 September 2017.

26、勒索软件（Ransomeware）：

是一种流行的木马，通过骚扰、恐吓甚至采用绑架用户文件等方式，使用户数据资产或计算资源无法正常使用，并以此为条件向用户勒索钱财。

is a popular wooden horse that, by harassing, intimidating or even abducting user files, renders user data assets or computational resources unusable and extorts money from users on that condition.

Ransomware is a type of malicious software from cryptovirology that threatens to publish the victim's data or perpetually block access to it unless a ransom is paid.

27、"想哭"勒索软件（WannaCry）:

27, "WannaCry" blackmail software:

是一种电脑勒索软件，针对运行微软Windows操作系统的电脑，加密电脑中的数据以要求支付比特币加密货币的赎金。目前已席卷了150多个国家，感染电脑超过30万台，拉响了全球网络安全的警钟。

It refers to a computer ransomware software which targeted computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system by encrypting data and demanding ransom payments in the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. The unprecedented spread of it has swept across more than 150 countries and infected more than 300,000 computers, setting off alarm bells for global internet security.

28、区块链（blockchain）：

28, block chain:

是分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等计算机技术的新型应用模式。所谓共识机制是区块链系统中实现不同节点之间建立信任、获取权益的数学算法。

is a new application model for distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, etc. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm for building trust between nodes and acquiring rights in block chain systems.

A blockchain– originally block chain – is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography. Each block typically contains a hash pointer as a link to a previous block, a timestamp and transaction data.By design, blockchains are inherently resistant to modification of the data. A blockchain is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way."

29、首次代币发行（Initial Coin Offerings(ICOs)）：

29, First Generations (ICOs):

是一种为加密数字货币/区块链项目筹措资金的常用方式，早期参与者可以从中获得初始产生的加密数字货币作为回报。ICO是国际上加密数字货币/区块链社区的产物，为区块链的开发者筹措足够的运营资金，大部分ICO筹措的资金都是比特币或者其他加密数字货币。

is a common way of raising funds for cryptographic digital currency/block chain projects in return for the early participants from the initial generation of encrypted digital currency. ICO is the product of an internationally encrypted digital currency/block chain community, raising sufficient operating funds for the developers of the block chain, most of which is financed by Bitcoin or other encrypted digital currency.

Initial coin offering (ICO) is an unregulated means of crowdfunding via use of cryptocurrency. In contrast to initial public offerings (IPOs), where investors gain shares in the ownership of the company, for ICOs the investors buy coins of the company, which can appreciate in value if the business is successful.

30、主权财富基金 sovereign wealth fund (SWF)：

30, sovereign wealth fundsovereign health fund(SWF):/strong>

是指一国政府通过特定税收与预算分配、可再生自然资源收入和国际收支盈余等方式积累形成的，由政府控制与支配的，通常以外币形式持有的公共财富。其管理模式有两种：中央银行直接管理、专门投资机构管理。

A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a state-owned investment fund that invests in real and financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, precious metals, or in alternative investments such as private equity fund or hedge funds. Most SWFs are funded by revenues from commodity exports or from foreign-exchange reserves held by the central bank.

31、教育券（school voucher）：

31, school voucher:

政府以面额固定的有价证券（即教育券）的形式直接发放给家庭或学生，学生凭教育券自由选择政府所认可的学校（公立学校或私立学校）就读。教育券可以冲抵全部或部分学费。

The government issues the flat-rate marketable securities (i.e. education vouchers) directly to families or students, who freely choose to attend government-approved schools (public or private).

A school voucher, also called an education voucher, is a certificate of government funding for a student at a school chosen by the student or the student's parents. The funding is usually for a particular year, term or semester. In some countries, states or local jurisdictions, the voucher can be used to cover or reimburse home schooling expenses. In some countries, vouchers only exist for tuition at private schools.

32、遗产税 inheritance or estate tax：

32, inheritance tax 以被继承人去世后所遗留的财产为征税对象，向遗产的继承人和受遗赠人征收的税。

Taxes imposed on heirs and heirs of the estate in respect of property left behind by the deceased heir.

An inheritance or estate tax is a tax paid by a person who inherits money or property or a levy on the estate (money and property) of a person who has died.

33、量化宽松 Quantitative easing：

33, quantitative easing 是指中央银行在实行零利率或近似零利率政策后，通过购买国债等中长期债券，增加基础货币供给，向市场注入大量流动性资金的干预方式，以鼓励开支和借贷。其实质为间接增印钞票。

Quantitative easing is an expansionary monetary policy whereby a central bank buys predetermined amounts of government bonds or other financial assets in order to stimulate the economy. It is usually used when standard monetary policy has become ineffective at combating too low inflation or deflation.

34、浮动汇率（floating exchange rate）：

34, floating exchange rate:

是固定汇率的对称。根据市场供求关系而自由涨跌，货币当局不进行干涉的汇率，而由外汇市场的供求关系自行决定。

is symmetrical of the fixed exchange rate. The exchange rate of the currency authority, without interference, depends on the supply-demand relationship of the foreign exchange market.

A floating exchange rate or fluctuating exchange or flexible exchange rate is a type of exchange-rate regime in which a currency's value is allowed to fluctuate in response to foreign-exchange market mechanisms. A currency that uses a floating exchange rate is known as a floating currency. A floating currency is contrasted with a fixed currency whose value is tied to that of another currency, material goods or to a currency basket.

35、缩表（reduce the balance sheet）：

是指美联储缩减自身资产负债表规模，这将推升长期利率，提高企业融资成本，从而令美国金融环境收紧。可以说，缩表和加息一样，都是收紧货币政策的一种政策工具。

The Fed Reserve reduces its balance sheet scale,which will push up long-term interest rates and have more financing costs.It is a tighten monetary policy tool.

36、资本充足率 Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)：

36, capital adequacy :

又叫资本风险（加权）资产率，是一个银行的资本总额对其风险加权资产的比率，是保证银行等金融机构正常运营和发展所必需的资本比率。

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) is also known as Capital to Risk (Weighted) Assets Ratio (CRAR), is the ratio of a bank's capital to its risk. National regulators track a bank's CAR to ensure that it can absorb a reasonable amount of loss and complies with statutory Capital requirements.This ratio is used to protect depositors and promote stability and efficiency of financial systems around the world.

37、本币互换(Currency Swap)：

37; Currence Swap:

又可以称为货币掉期、货币互换，指在同一期限内，根据约定的汇率，将一定数额的货币和另一种货币进行互换，增加对方的外汇储备以应对不测之需。是国家出于提高两国的外汇储备，以平衡两种货币的供需，稳定汇率，防止(特别在金融危机条件下)出现外汇市场的混乱。

, again known as currency swaps, currency swaps, refers to exchange of a certain amount of currency with another currency over the same period of time, in accordance with the agreed exchange rate, to increase each other's foreign exchange reserves to meet unforeseen needs. It is to increase foreign exchange reserves in order to balance the supply and demand of both currencies, stabilize exchange rates, and prevent confusion in foreign exchange markets (especially in the context of the financial crisis).

A currency swap is a foreign-exchange agreement between two institutions to exchange aspects (namely the principal and/or interest payments) of a loan in one currency for equivalent aspects of an equal in net present value loan in another currency; see foreign exchange derivative. Currency swaps are motivated by comparative advantage.

38、信贷危机（credit crisis）：

由于美国房价连年攀升，所以，在次级信贷市场贷款的人，可以拿房价升高的这个机会来填补他的信贷，但是当房价持平的时候，就没有中间的差价，所以信贷人很难按时还款。就出现了信贷危机。对于中国的经济影响不大，但是对于全球经济来讲是有一定影响的，首先就是股市，由于美国本土银行将次级贷款的危险转嫁给外国的投资银行，比如亚洲的各大银行，所以投资人对市场失去信心，就会抛出手中的股票，导致股市下滑，从而引起全球股市的动荡。

As the prices of United States housing have risen year after year, a sub-prime credit market loaner can use the opportunity of a higher house price to fill his credit, but when the house price is flat, there is no intermediate difference, so it is difficult for the lender to repay the loan on time. There is a credit crisis. The economy in China has not had a small impact, but it has had some impact on the global economy, first of all, the stock market, where investors lose confidence in the market by transferring the risk of sub-prime loans to foreign investment banks, such as large banks in Asia, leading to a decline in the stock market, thereby causing instability in the global stock market.

A credit crunch (also known as a credit squeeze or credit crisis) is a sudden reduction in the general availability of loans (or credit) or a sudden tightening of the conditions required to obtain a loan from banks. A credit crunch generally involves a reduction in the availability of credit independent of a rise in official interest rates. In such situations, the relationship between credit availability and interest rates changes. Credit becomes less available at any given official interest rate, or there ceases to be a clear relationship between interest rates and credit availability (i.e. credit rationing occurs). Many times, a credit crunch is accompanied by a flight to quality by lenders and investors, as they seek less risky investments (often at the expense of small to medium size enterprises).

39、金融泡沫 （financial bubble）：

39, financial bubble:

是指一种或一系列的金融资产在经历了一个连续的涨价之后，市场价格大于实际价格的经济现象。金融泡沫就是经济上的宏观调控不当, 过度的投资引起资产价格的过度膨胀，盲目追求经济增长，使得国内投资规模急剧膨胀，导致虚假繁荣的一种假象。金融泡沫开始破灭时，主要特征就是人们消费高涨，物价节节攀升，人有了钱就花，不储蓄或极少储蓄。

An economic bubble or asset bubble (sometimes also referred to as a speculative bubble, a market bubble, a price bubble, a financial bubble, a speculative mania, or a balloon) is trade in an asset at a price or price range that strongly exceeds the asset's intrinsic value.It could also be described as a situation in which asset prices appear to be based on implausible or inconsistent views about the future.

40、《巴塞尔协议》the Basel Accords：

40, Basel Accord the Basel Acords

是巴塞尔委员会于1988年7月在瑞士巴塞尔通过的一项协议，该协议建立了一套完整的以加权方式衡量表内与表外风险的资本充足率标准，有效地扼制了与债务危机有关的国际风险。

The Basel Accords refer to the banking supervision Accords —Basel I, Basel II and Basel III—issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). The Basel Accords is a set of recommendations for regulations in the banking industry.

41、《多德-弗兰克法案》the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Ac：

41, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Ac:

是自20世纪30年代以来美国一项最全面的金融监管改革法案，明确旨在限制系统性风险，为大型金融机构可能遭遇的极端风险提供安全解决方案，将存在风险的非银行机构置于更加严格的审查监管范围下，同时针对衍生产品交易进行改革。2010年7月21日由奥巴马签署生效。

The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into federal law by President Barack Obama on July 21, 2010. Passed as a response to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes to financial regulation in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression. It made changes in the American financial regulatory environment that affected all federal financial regulatory agencies and almost every part of the nation's financial services industry.

42、沃尔克法则 the Volcker Rule：

42, gram rule

是奥巴马于2010年颁布的，由保罗·沃尔克提出，其核心是禁止银行从事自营性质的投资业务，以及禁止银行拥有、投资或发起对冲基金和私募基金。实质上是强调银行应当分业经营。

The Volcker Rule is to restrict United States bank from making certain kinds of speculative investments that do not benefit their customers.The rule is often referred to as a ban on proprietary trading by commercial banks,whereby deposits are used to trade on the bank’s own accounts.

43、行为经济学之父（father of behavioral economics）：

43, father of behavioral economics:

2017年诺贝尔经济学奖被授予美国经济学家、行为经济学之父理查德·H·塞勒。瑞典皇家科学院在声明中称，塞勒将对心理现实的假设融入了经济决策分析中。塞勒通过探索"有限理性"、"社会偏好"、"自制力缺乏"等因素的影响，揭示了这些人性特征对个体选择和市场结果产生的系统性影响，被称为"行为经济学之父"。

The 2017 Nobel Prize for Economics was awarded to Richard H. Seller, American economist and father of behavioral economics. In his statement, the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences stated that Sele had integrated psychological reality assumptions into economic decision-making analysis. By exploring the effects of such factors as "limited rationality," "social preference", "self-restraint" and "the lack of self-restraint" revealed the systemic impact of these sexual characteristics on individual choices and market outcomes, known as "the father of behavioral economics".

The 2017 Nobel Prize in economics was awarded to US economist Richard H. Thaler, the father of behavioral economics. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said in its statement that Thaler has incorporated psychologically realistic assumptions into analyses of economic decision-making. Thaler, by exploring the affects of "limited rationality", "social preferences", "lack of self-control" and other factors, reveals how these human traits influence the individual choice and market results. So he is known as "father of behavioral economics".

44、MSCI新兴市场指数 the MSCI Emerging Markets Index：

44, MSCI Emerging Markets Index he MSCI Emerging Markets Index:

是由摩根史丹利资本国际公司所编制的证券指数，用于计算全球新兴市场中股票市场的表现。

The MSCI Emerging Markets Index is an index created by Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) designed to measure equity market performance in global emerging markets.

45、包容性增长（inclusive growth）：

由亚洲开发银行在2007年首次提出。包容性增长寻求的是社会和经济协调发展、可持续发展。与单纯追求经济增长相对立，包容性增长倡导机会平等的增长，最基本的含义是公平合理地分享经济增长。

Inclusive growth is a concept that advances equitable opportunities for economic participants during economic growth with benefits incurred by every section of society. This concept expands upon traditional economic growth models to include focus on the equity of health, human capital, environmental quality, social protection, and food security.

46、债券通（Bond Connect）：

是指境内外投资者通过香港与内地债券市场基础设施机构连接，买卖两个市场交易流通债券的机制安排。

China’s approval of a bond connect program between the mainland and Hong Kong will enable investors on both sides to trade bonds on each other's interbank markets under the program.

47、蓝色经济（blue economy）：

47, blue economy:

狭义上也称海洋经济，广义上讲也是循环经济。从狭义的概念讲，现代蓝色经济包括为开发海洋资源和依赖海洋空间而进行的生产活动，以及直接或间接为开发海洋资源及空间的相关服务性产业活动，这样一些产业活动而形成的经济集合均被视为现代蓝色经济范畴。

in the narrow sense also known as the ocean economy and, broadly speaking, the circular economy. In the narrow sense, the modern blue economy includes productive activities for the development of marine resources and reliance on ocean space, as well as related service industries for the development of marine resources and space, directly or indirectly, so that some industrial activities form an economic pool that is seen as part of the modern blue economy.

It refers to the ocean-based or ocean-relevant environmentally friendly marine industries and economy

48、罗斯柴尔德家族 the Rothschild family：

48, "font-size: 16px;" >the Rothschild family:

是欧洲乃至世界久负盛名的金融家族。它发迹于19世纪初，其创始人是梅耶·罗斯柴尔德。他和他的5个儿子即“罗氏五虎”先后在英国伦敦、法国巴黎、奥地利维也纳、德国法兰克福、意大利那不勒斯等欧洲著名城市开设银行。

The Rothschild family is a wealthy family descending from Mayer Amschel Rothschild, a court Jew to the German Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel in the Free City of Frankfurt, who established his banking business in the 1760s.Rothschild managed to bequeath his wealth and established an international banking family through his five sons, who established themselves in London, Paris, Frankfurt, Vienna, and Naples.

49、高净值人群（high-net-worth individuals）：

49, high net population (h-net-worth indivuals):

一般指资产净值在600万人民币（100万美元）资产以上的个人，他们也是金融资产和投资性房产等可投资资产较高的社会群体。

generally means individuals with net assets of over 6 million yuan ($1 million) who are also social groups with higher investmentable assets, such as financial assets and investment properties.

High-net-worth individual (HNWI) is a term used by some segments of the financial services industry to designate persons whose investible assets (such as stocks and bonds) exceed a given amount. Typically, these individuals are defined as holding financial assets (excluding their primary residence) with a value greater than US$1 million.

50、财阀政治（plutocracy）:

50, politics:

财阀是某个或某几个经济利益集团为了保障其既得利益向政治上扩展，形成的一个利益捆绑体，即政治是为利益财团服务，保障其利益，而利益财团反过来为政治提供资助。

the financial valve is a bundle of interests formed by one or more economic interest groups to secure the political extension of their vested interests, i.e., that politics serves and defends the interests of a consortium of interests, which in turn finances politics.

Plutocracy or plutarchy, is a form of oligarchy and defines a society ruled or controlled by the small minority of the wealthiest citizens.

51、寡头政治（oligarchy）：

51, oligarchy:

指由少数人掌握政权的一种统治形式，原指少数人掌握的政权，如古希腊 雅典奴隶制国家的贵族政权。后通指由一小撮反动统治者操纵一切的政治制度。不仅是在政府之事务中服从少数人之统治的政治，而且在任何团体，诸如一个教堂、工会、学校，或者任何其他机关中，由少数人所管治者，均可称为寡头政治。

Oligarchy, meaning "to rule or to command", is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people might be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious or military control. Such states are often controlled by families who typically pass their influence from one generation to the next, but inheritance is not a necessary condition for the application of this term.

52、修昔底德陷阱(Thucydides Trap)：

指一个新崛起的大国必然要挑战现存大国，而现存大国也必然会回应这种威胁，这样战争变得不可避免。此说法源自古希腊著名历史学家修昔底德，他认为，当一个崛起的大国与既有的统治霸主竞争时，双方面临的危险多数以战争告终。

Allison coined the phrase "Thucydides Trap" to refer to when a rising power causes fear in an established power which escalates toward war. Thucydides wrote: "What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta."

53、非成员观察国（non-member observer state）：

53, non-member observer state:

观察员国主要是指在一些国际政治经济体或国际民间团体参与国际组织时列席的国家。联合国在会员国之外还设有观察员制度，观察员有观察员国、实体和组织

Observer State means primarily the State in which some international political economies or international civil society participate in international organizations. The United Nations also maintains an observer system outside Member States, with observers from observer States, entities and organizations

For example，In addition to its 193 member states, the United Nations General Assembly may grant observer status to an international organization, entity or non-member state, which entitles the entity to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations.

54、硬脱欧（hard Brexit）：

54, Hard Brexit:

指的是英国彻底从欧盟独立出来，彻底脱离欧盟单一市场及关税同盟，重新与欧盟通过谈判建立各种关系，包括在世界贸易组织(WTO)的规则下建立贸易关系。

It means the UK leaves the EU and the single market entirely and then has a relationship based - at least initially - on World Trade Organization rules.

55、悬浮议会（Hung Parliament）：

英国政治术语，即无任何党派赢得下议院（House of Commons）650个席位中的大多数席位。又称为“悬峙议会”或者“无多数议会”，是指议会民主制下，没有任何一个政党或政党集团取得绝对多数（一般指超过半数）的议席。悬浮议会是议会民主制中独有的情况，类似美国这种实行总统制，且行政权和立法权分立的国家，并不会使用这个概念。

British political terminology, i.e. no party wins the majority of the 650 seats in the House of Commons. Also known as “suspension parliament” or “non-majority parliament” means that no party or group of parties obtains an absolute majority (generally more than half) of the seats under parliamentary democracy.

In a parliamentary system of government, a hung parliament is an expression used to describe a state of a parliament when no single political party (or bloc of allied parties) has an absolute majority of seats in the parliament (legislature) and therefore has no legitimate mandate to form a government.

56、治外法权 Extraterritoriality：

56, extraterritorial Exterritory :

是免除本地法律司法权的情形，通常是外交谈判的结果。指国民在外国境内不受所在国管辖。此种特权一般只有外国国家元首、政府首脑、外交代表等才能享有。军舰、军队根据协议通过外国国境时，也可享有此种权利。

Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.The three most common cases recognized today internationally relate to the persons and belongings of foreign heads of state, the pers.

57、"童年入境暂缓遣返"计划 the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)：

57, "span style=font-size: 16px;' the Defense Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA):

简称DACA，适用于2012年6月15日前未满31岁且自2007年来持续居住于美国境内的移民。这项计划涵盖就学学生、获得研究生毕业证书者、在武装部队服役的军人以及从未犯下重罪的移民。美国前总统奥巴马2012年6月签署总统命令，推行DACA计划，目的在向孩童时期非法抵达美国的移民提供稳定的未来并让他们留下来。这些移民俗称“追梦人”(Dreamers)，根据总统命令，他们有权合法留下、求学或就业，这项许可为期两年且可延长。由于美国国会未能通过立法，解决数以百万计住在美国数十年的非法移民身分，其中许多人有家庭、永久住所与事业，因此政府研拟追梦人计划。

DACA, which applies to immigrants who were under 31 years of age before 15 June 2012 and who have been living in the United States since 2007. This scheme covers students who attend school, those who have obtained post-graduate diplomas, military service in the armed forces, and immigrants who have never committed a felony. Former US President Barack Obama signed a presidential order in June 2012 to implement the DACA programme, which aims to provide a stable future and keep migrants who have arrived in the United States illegally as children. These immigrants, commonly referred to as “Dreamers”, are entitled by presidential decree to remain, study or work legally for a two-year renewable period. Because the United States Congress has failed to pass legislation to resolve millions of illegal immigrants who have lived in the United States for decades, many of whom have families, permanent homes and careers, the government is developing a dreamer programme .

The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) was an American immigration policy that allowed some individuals who entered the country as minors, and had either entered or remained in the country illegally, to receive a renewable two-year period of deferred action from deportation and to be eligible for a work permit. As of 2017, approximately 800,000 individuals—referred to as Dreamers after the DREAM Act bill—were enrolled in the program created by DACA. The policy was established by the Obama administration in June 2012 and rescinded by the Trump administration in September 2017.

58、禁穆令（Muslin Ban）：

58, Muslin Ban:

2017年1月27日，美国总统唐纳德·特朗普签署了一份名为“阻止外国恐怖分子进入美国的国家保护计划”的行政命令。这份行政令要求，未来90天内，禁止伊拉克、叙利亚、伊朗、苏丹、索马里、也门和利比亚等七国公民入境美国。因为所涉七国均为穆斯林为主要人口的国家，因此这份行政命令也被媒体和民间团体称为“禁穆令”。

On 27 January 2017, the President of the United States, Donald Trump, signed an executive order entitled “National Protection Plan to Prevent the Entry of Foreign Terrorists into the United States.” This executive order requires that citizens of seven countries, namely Iraq, Syria, Iran, the Sudan, Somalia, Yemen and Libya, be prohibited from entering the United States for the next 90 days. As the seven countries in question are Muslim-dominated countries, the executive order is also referred to by the media and civil society as “nomous orders”.

Executive Order 13769, titled Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States was an executive order issued by United States President Donald Trump in effect, except to the extent blocked by various courts, from January 27, 2017, until March 16, 2017, when it was superseded by Executive Order 13780. Executive Order 13769 lowered the number of refugees to be admitted into the United States in 2017 to 50,000, suspended the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program (USRAP) for 120 days, suspended the entry of Syrian refugees indefinitely, directed some cabinet secretaries to suspend entry of those whose countries do not meet adjudication standards under U.S. immigration law for 90 days, and included exceptions on a case-by-case basis. Homeland Security lists these countries as Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. More than 700 travelers were detained, and up to 60,000 visas were "provisionally revoked".

59、裙带关系（Nepotism）：

59, nepotism:

原本指靠自己妻子或其他女性亲属的关系而获得官职，后来，把因血亲、姻亲和密友关系而获得政治、经济上的利益（包括庇护、提拔和奖赏等），都叫做裙带关系。

Nepotism is based on favour granted to relatives in various fields, including business, politics, entertainment, sports, religion and other activities.

60、“金德尔伯格陷阱”（Kindleberger Trap）：

60, "Kindleberger Trap"

由马歇尔计划的天才构想者，后执教于麻省理工学院的查尔斯?金德尔伯格提出。他认为，20世纪30年代的灾难起源于美国取代英国成为全球最大强权（the US replacing Britain as the largest global power），但又未能像英国一样承担起提供全球公共产品的责任（failing to take on Britain's role in providing public goods）。这样的结果是全球体系崩溃，陷入萧条、种族灭绝和世界大战。（无英文定义）

proposed by the Marshall Plan's genius contemplation in MIT, Charles Kinderberg. He argued that the disaster of the 1930s originated in the US replacing Britain as the largest power in the world, but failed to assume the same responsibility as the United Kingdom for the provision of global public goods (failing to take on Britain's rule in providing public goods).

61、“圣安德烈”勋章（the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle）：

61, the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle: /strang>

是俄罗斯的最高勋章（the highest order of the Russian Federation），1698年由彼得一世设立，1917年，该勋章停用；1998年恢复使用，是俄罗斯最高荣誉的象征。

The Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called is the highest order of the Russian Federation. Established as the first and highest order of chivalry of the Russian Empire in 1698, it was abolished under the USSR before being re-established as the top Russian order in 1998.

62、长臂管辖（long-arm jurisdiction）：

62, long-arm jurisdiction:

其实是源自美国的一个法律用语。美国司法长期奉行的“长臂管辖权”（Long Arm Jurisdiction），是指“当被告人的住所不在法院地州，但和该州有某种最低联系，而且所提权利要求的产生已和这种联系有关时，就该项权利要求而言，该州对于该被告人具有属人管辖权，可以在州外对被告人发出传票”。通俗来讲就是：“哪怕你不在我这个州，但只要你的行为与我有最低联系，我也能够管你。”后用于中国外交部发言人指责美国威胁对与朝鲜有往来的公司采取报复性措施或者制裁一事。

Long-arm jurisdiction is the ability of local courts to exercise jurisdiction over foreign ("foreign" meaning out of jurisdiction, whether a state, province, or nation) defendants, whether on a statutory basis or through a court's inherent jurisdiction (depending on the jurisdiction). This jurisdiction permits a court to hear a case against a defendant and enter a binding judgment against a defendant residing outside the jurisdiction concerned.At heart, the constraints on long arm jurisdiction are concepts of international law, and the principle that one country ought not exercise state power over the territory of another unless some recognized exception applies. In municipal law, the authority of a court to exercise long-arm jurisdiction must be based upon some action of the defendant which subjects him or her to the jurisdiction of the court.

63、“替代国”做法（the surrogate country approach）：

63, the alternative country approach:

指世贸组织成员国在计算反倾销税（anti-dumping duty）幅度时，如果认定商品的出口国为非市场经济国家（non-market economy），则引用与出口国经济发展水平大致相当的第三方市场经济国家，即替代国（surrogate country）的成本等数据计算正常价值并进而确定倾销幅度，施以对应的征税措施。

Under the surrogate country approach, WTO members use costs of production in a third country to calculate the value of products from countries on its "non-market economy" list, which includes China. The practice allows countries to easily levy high tariffs in trade disputes.In accordance with Article 15 of the accession protocol signed when China joined the WTO in 2001, the surrogate country approach expires on December 11, 2016.

64、里斯本条约第50条（Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on European Union）：

64; Artique 50 of the Lisbon Treaty on European Union:

是《里斯本条约》的一部分，2009年由所有欧盟成员国签署成法律，提供成员国脱离欧盟的正式机制。条文重点是成员国一旦启动第50条，如果没达成一致协议同意延长协商时间，则将在通知后2年内退出欧盟。这意味着英国将在2019年4月脱离欧盟。

is part of the Lisbon Treaty, signed into law by all EU member States in 2009, providing a formal mechanism for the separation of member States from the EU. The text focuses on the withdrawal of member States from the EU within two years of notification, once Article 50 has been activated, if no agreement has been reached to extend the duration of the consultation. This means that Britain will leave the EU in April 2019.

Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union is a part of European Union law that sets out the process by which member states may withdraw from the European Union. Once Article 50 is triggered, there is a two-year time limit to complete negotiations. If negotiations do not result in a ratified agreement, the seceding country and EU would follow World Trade Organisation rules on tariffs.This article was used for the first and so far only time by the United Kingdom on 29 March 2017.

65、白人至上主义（white supremacy）：

是一种种族分子的形态意识，其主张白色人种族裔优越于其他族裔。理念是白人至上，余皆劣种。

is a morphological ideology of races that favour the white ethnic superiority over the other ethnic groups. The idea is that whites are paramount and all are inferior.

White supremacy is the theory or belief that White people are innately superior to people of other races.

66、降落伞儿童（parachute children）：

降落伞儿童（小留学生）指那些被送到另一个国家独自生活，或者有人照顾起居的孩子，而他们的父母仍留在本国国内。

parachute children (students) mean children who are sent to live alone in another country, or whose parents remain in their home country.

67、灰犀牛（grey rhino）：

67, grey rhino:

指概率极大、冲击力极强却被忽视的风险。灰犀牛不是随机的突发事件，而是一系列预警和明显征兆之后爆发出来的问题。

"Grey rhino” refers to a highly probable, high impact yet neglected threat. Grey rhinos are not random surprises, but problems that break out after a series of warnings and visible evidence.

68、马太效应（Matthew Effect）：

68, Matthew Effect:

指强者愈强、弱者愈弱的现象，广泛应用于社会心理学、教育、金融以及科学领域。马太效应，是社会学家和经济学家们常用的术语，反映的社会现象是两极分化，富的更富，穷的更穷。

The "Matthew effect" denotes the phenomenon that "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer" and can be observed in various different contexts where "rich" and "poor" can take different meanings. The effect takes its name from a line spoken by "the Master" in Jesus' parable of the talents in the biblical Gospel of Matthew: "For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath." (Matthew XXV:29, King James Version.)

69、羊群效应（Herd Effect/Herd behavior）:

69, Herd Effect/Herd effect:

“羊群效应”也称“从众心理”，在资本市场上，“羊群效应”是指在一个投资群体中，单个投资者总是根据其他同类投资者的行动而行动，在他人买入时买入，在他人卖出时卖出。

The "sheep effect" is also known as the “psychological effect”, and in the capital market, “sheep effect” means that in an investment group, a single investor always acts in accordance with the actions of other investors of the same kind, buys it when bought by others, sells it when sold by others.

Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act collectively without centralized direction. The term can refer to the behavior of animals in herds, packs, bird flocks, fish schools and so on, as well as the behavior of humans in demonstrations, riots and general strikes, sporting events, religious gatherings, episodes of mob violence and everyday decision-making, judgement and opinion-forming.

70、禀赋效应（endowment effect）：

指当个人一旦拥有某项物品，那么他对该物品价值的评价要比未拥有之前大大增加。它是由RichardThaler(1980)提出的。这一现象可以用行为金融学中的“损失厌恶”理论来解释，该理论认为一定量的损失给人们带来的效用降低要多过相同的收益给人们带来的效用增加。因此人们在决策过程中对利害的权衡是不均衡的，对“避害”的考虑远大于对“趋利”的考虑。出于对损失的畏惧，人们在出卖商品时往往索要过高的价格。

In psychology and behavioral economics, the endowment effect (also known as divestiture aversion and related to the mere ownership effect in social psychology) is the hypothesis that people ascribe more value to things merely because they own them.

71、零和博弈 zero-sum game：

71, zero-sum game 又称零和游戏，属非合作博弈。指参与博弈的各方，在严格竞争下，一方的收益必然意味着另一方的损失，博弈各方的收益和损失相加总和永远为“零”，双方不存在合作的可能。

is also called a zero-sum game, a non-cooperative game.

In game theory and economic theory, a zero-sum game is a mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants. If the total gains of the participants are added up and the total losses are subtracted, they will sum to zero.

72、心理账户理论 （theory of mental accounting）：

心理账户是芝加哥大学行为科学教授理查德·萨勒(Richard Thaler)提出的概念。他认为，除了荷包这种实际账户外，在人的头脑里还存在着另一种心理账户。人们会把在现实中客观等价的支出或收益在心理上划分到不同的账户中。比如，我们会把工资划归到靠辛苦劳动日积月累下来的“勤劳致富”账户中；把年终奖视为一种额外的恩赐，放到“奖励”账户中；而把买彩票赢来的钱，放到“天上掉下的馅饼”账户中。

Psychiatry accounts are concepts proposed by Richard Thaler, Professor of Behavior Science at the University of Chicago. He believes that there is another kind of psychological account in a person's mind, in addition to a real account such as a gift. People are psychologically divided into different accounts of the expenditure or gain of an objective equivalent in reality. For example, we place our wages in a “work-rich” account that accumulates over months of hard work; treat the end-of-year award as an additional gift, and put it in an “incentive” account; and put the money from winning a lottery in a “span-down-of-the-world pie” account.

A concept first named by Richard Thaler, mental accounting (or psychological accounting) attempts to describe the process whereby people code, categorize and evaluate economic outcomes. People may have multiple mental accounts for the same kind of resource. A person may use different monthly budgets for grocery shopping and eating out at restaurants, for example, and constrain one kind of purchase when its budget has run out while not constraining the other kind of purchase, even though both expenditures draw on the same fungible resource (income).

74、助推理论（Nudge theory）：

74, Nudge theory:

“助推”(Nudge)一词在英文中的原意为“用肘轻推以引起某人的注意”。2008年行为经济学家理查德·泰勒(Richard Thaler)和法学家卡斯·桑斯坦(Cass Sunstein)以“助推”命名，出版《助推：如何做出有关健康、财富与幸福的最佳决策》(Nudge：Improving Decisions About Health，Wealth，and Happiness)一书，正式提出助推理论。在该书中，作者将人们在选择时的背景环境称之为“选择架构”(choice architecture)，而“助推”则指任何不采用禁止或是明显的经济刺激方式，却能影响人们行为向可预见方向发展的选择架构导向。这也就是说，“助推”旨在影响人们的选择，而不是强制人们必须选择，因而，典型的助推只是对选择架构的改变，而人们在选择时必须有充分的自由而且能轻而易举地免受这种改变的影响。

The word "advancement" was originally used in English to “suggest someone's attention with elbows.” In 2008, the act economist Richard Thaler and the jurist Cass Sunstein named it “promotion” and published “promotion: how best to make decisions about health, wealth and well-being” (Nudge: Improvising Developments About Health, Wealth, and Happiness), in which the author refers to the background in which people choose, as “choice choice structures”, while “promotions” refers to any selection structures that do not use prohibitions or obvious economic incentives, but that influence people's behaviour to develop in a predictable direction.

Nudge theory (or nudge) is a concept in behavioural science, political theory and economics which proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions to try to achieve non-forced compliance to influence the motives, incentives and decision making of groups and individuals. The claim is that nudges are at least as effective, if not more effective, than direct instruction, legislation, or enforcement. The concept has influenced British and American politicians. Several nudge units exist around the world at the federal level (UK, Germany, Japan and others) as well as at the international level (OECD, World Bank, UN).

75、独裁者博弈（dictator game）：

对最后通牒博弈进行修改，取消响应者对提议者（分配者）所提要求的否决权，那么，这个分配者就可以被叫作“独裁者”。这种严格不平等条件下的谈判博弈被称为“独裁者博弈”。在这里，响应者没有拒绝的选择，主要是考察提议者（独裁者）如何分配。

amends the ultimatum game and removes the veto power that the respondent demands from the proposer (distributor), then the distributor can be called the “authoritarian.” This negotiating game is called the “authoritarian game” under strict conditions of inequality. Here, the respondent has no choice but to examine how the proposer (authoritarian) is distributed.

The dictator game is an experimental paradigm in psychology, similar to the ultimatum game, first developed by Daniel Kahneman and colleagues. Experimental results offer evidence against the rationally self-interested individual (sometimes called the homo economicus) concept of economic behavior,[2] though precisely what to conclude from the evidence is controversial.

甲申同文编辑，素材来源于网络。

- END -返回搜狐，查看更多

责任编辑：