常見問題

價格的攀升不會被認為是一個泡沫。一個人為的過度估價會導致一個突然的下跌性的改正，這就會被認為是一個泡沫。基於成千上萬的市場參與者的個人選擇是比特幣價格波動的原因，因為市場尋求價格發現。人們的看法改變的原因可能包括對 Bitcoin 失去信心，不建立在 Bitcoin 經濟基礎之上的價格與價值之間的巨大差別，媒體關注度的提高刺激投機需求，對不確定性的恐懼，還有傳統的非理智的熱情與貪婪。

Personal choices based on thousands of market participants are the reason for the price of bitcoin, because the market is looking for prices. Reasons for changing people’s perceptions may include a loss of confidence in Bitcoin, a huge difference between prices and values that are not built on the foundation of Bitcoin’s economy, an increased demand for media attention to stimulate investment, fear of uncertainty, and traditional irrational passions and greed.

龐茲騙局是一個詐騙性的投資活動，它的回報來自于投資者本身的錢或後來的投資者支付的錢，而不是來自于他們經營的業務所獲取的利潤。當沒有足夠的新的參與者的時候，龐茲騙局就會在最後一個投資者那裡垮臺。

The Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment that repays the money paid by investors themselves or later investors, rather than the profits earned by the firms they run. When there are not enough new participants, the Punzi scheme collapses with the last investor.

Bitcoin 是一個免費的沒有中央機構的軟體工程。因此，沒有人能作關於投資回報的詐騙性描述。像其他主流貨幣如黃金、美元、歐元、日圓等等一樣，Bitcoin 沒有一個擔保的購買力，且兌換率自由浮動。這導致一些波動，比特幣的擁有者會不可預測地賺錢或虧錢。在投機買賣之外，Bitcoin 也是一種具有用途廣泛且競爭力強等特質的支付系統，它已經被成千上萬的用戶和企業使用。

Bitcoin is a free software project without a central institution. So no one can make a fraudulent description of investment returns. Like other mainstream currencies such as gold, dollars, Euros, yen, etc., Bitcoin does not have a guaranteed purchasing power and the exchange rate floats freely. This leads to a number of waves in which Bitcoin owners will make unforeseeable money or lose money.

一些早期的用戶擁有大數額的比特幣因為他們冒著風險并投資了時間和自由在沒有被證明的幾乎無人使用的難以確保安全的技術中。許多早期用戶在比特幣變得值錢前只用了一兩次大數額的比特幣或者只是購買了很小數額的比特幣，并沒有獲利很多。不能保證比特幣的價格會升高還是降低。這很像在投資一個剛剛成立的企業，不知道是可以通過它的有用性和流行性來獲利還是根本不會有突破。Bitcoin 才剛剛起步，它的設計里是有一個長期規劃的，很難想像如何才能對早期的用戶少些偏重，而今天的用戶可能成為也有可能不會成為明天的早期用戶。

Some early users had large amounts of bitcoins because they took risks and invested time and freedom in virtually unproven technologies to ensure safety. Many early users used one or two large bits of bitcoins before Bitcoin became valuable, or simply bought a small amount of bitcoins, without much profit. There is no guarantee that Bitcoin’s prices will rise or fall. This is much like investing in a newly established business, and it is not clear that there will be any breakthroughs if it is useful or popular. Bitcoin has just started, and its design is long-term, and it is hard to imagine how less weight can be given to early users, and today it is likely that it will not become tomorrow’s early user.

Bitcoin 是獨一無二的，因為只會有2100萬比特幣會被創造出來。然而，這永遠不會是一個局限，因為交易可以用更小的比特幣次級單位如 bit 來結算——1 比特幣等於1,000,000 bits。比特幣可以分割成小數點后8位的單位(0.000 000 01 )，而且隨著平均交易規模的縮小，如果未來有需要的話，它還可以分成更小的單位。

Bitcoin is unique, because only 21 million bits of money will be created. However, this will never be a limitation, because transactions can be made with smaller bits of bits, like bits -- one bit equals 1,000,000 bits. Bitcoins can be divided into eight decimal units (0.000 00001), and smaller with average transactions, and smaller if needed in the future.

通貨緊縮螺旋的理論是，如果價格被預測到要下跌，人們未來可以從更低的價格中獲利，於是人們會等到將來才購買。反過來，需求的下降會導致商家把他們的價格放得更低以嘗試并刺激需求，這會讓問題更加嚴重最終導致經濟衰退。

The theory behind the deflationary spiral is that if prices are predicted to fall, people will be able to profit from lower prices in the future, and people will wait to buy them in the future. In turn, a decline in demand will lead to businesses putting their prices even lower to try and stimulate demand, which will make the problem even worse and ultimately lead to a recession.

雖然這個理論是中央銀行為通貨辯護的一個慣用方法，它看起來并不總是正確，而且很多經濟學家也認為它具有爭議。市場里的一個例子是消費電子，它的價格持續下跌但是卻沒有衰退。同樣的，在過去比特幣的價值在升高，而Bitcoin 經濟的規模也隨之增長迅速。因為其貨幣價值及其經濟規模兩者都是在2009年從零開始，Bitcoin 是這個理論的一個反例，它證明這個理論有時是不對的。

One example in the market is consumer electricity, whose prices have been falling but not falling. Similarly, in the past, Bitcoin’s value was rising, and Bitcoin’s economy grew rapidly. Because its currency value and its economic model were both zero in 2009 and Bitcoin was a counter-case to this theory, it proved that it was sometimes wrong.

儘管如此， Bitcoin 并沒有被設計成一種通貨緊縮的貨幣。更準確地說，Bitcoin 在他的早期會通貨膨脹，到它的後期就會變得穩定。只有人們大意地丟失他們的錢包且沒有做備份的情況下，流通中的比特幣數量才會下降。在具有一個穩定的貨幣基礎和穩定經濟的前提下，這種貨幣的價值會保持不變。

Still, Bitcoin is not designed to be a tight currency. More precisely, Bitcoin will inflate in his early years, and the rest of it will be stable. The number of bits in circulation will decline only if people lose their wallets carelessly and without backup. With a stable currency base and a stable economy, the value of such a currency will remain constant.

這是一個先有雞還是先有蛋的爭論。爲了比特幣的價格穩定，一個大規模的經濟需要發展更多的企業和用戶。而爲了一個大規模經濟的發展，企業和用戶會尋求價格穩定。

This is a debate about whether there are first chickens or first eggs. For the price of bitcoins to be stable, a large economy needs to develop more businesses and users.

幸運的是，波動并沒有影響 Bitcoin 作為一種從 A 點匯款到 B 點的支付系統的主要優勢。企業可以立即把比特幣款項轉換成他們當地的貨幣，不用擔心價格的波動，從而從 Bitcoin 的優勢中受益。因為 Bitcoin 提供許多實用且獨特的功能和專利，許多用戶選擇使用 Bitcoin。有了這些解決方案和激勵，Bitcoin 有可能成熟并發展到更高的層次，那樣價格的波動就會比較有限。

Fortunately, the wave did not affect Bitcoin as the main advantage of a payment system from point A to point B. Companies could immediately convert bitcoin to their local currency, without fear of price swings, and benefit from Bitcoin’s advantages. Because Bitcoin provides many practical and unique functions and know-how, many users choose to use Bitcoin. With these solutions and incentives, Bitcoin may mature and grow to higher levels, and the price wave will be more limited.

只有少量的最新發放的比特幣會在交易市場上出售。Bitcoin 市場的競爭激烈，這意味著一個比特幣的價格會根據供求情況上漲或下跌。另外，新的比特幣在未來幾十年會陸續發放。所以即便是最具有雄心壯志的買家也不能把現存的比特幣全部買光。然而，這種情況也并不意味著這個市場對價格操控不是脆弱的，不需要巨大數額的錢就可以導致市場價格的上漲或下跌，所以 Bitcoin 迄今還是一種波動的資產。

Only a few of the most recent bitcoin will be sold on the market. Bitcoin market competition is intense, which means that a bitcoin price will rise or fall depending on supply and demand. Moreover, the new bitcoins will continue to rise and fall over the next few decades. So even the most ambitious buyers will not be able to buy all the bitcoins in existence.

這可能會發生。現在，Bitcoin 還是目前為止最受歡迎的去中心化虛擬貨幣，但是不能保證它會保有這樣的地位。因 Bitcoin 而受到啓發的一系列其他貨幣已經產生。然而，這樣估計也許是對的：對於一個新的貨幣有大量的改善工作需要完成來取代 Bitcoin，尤其是在市場佔有方面，即便這一點仍是不可預測的。可以想像，Bitcoin 也可以採用貨幣競爭對手的改良方面，只要這種採用不會改變這個協議的基本部分。

This may happen. Now, Bitcoin is still the most popular de-centralized virtual currency so far, but it cannot be guaranteed that it will remain in that position. A series of other coins that have been emitted as a result of Bitcoin have been created. However, the estimate may be correct: Bitcoin needs to be replaced by a lot of improvements for a new currency, especially with respect to market occupation, even if this is not predictable.

挖礦就是利用計算器能力來處理交易、保證網路安全和讓在系統里的每一個人都一起同步的過程。它可以看作是 Bitcoin 的數據中心，但是它卻是完全分散的，挖礦者在世界各地運營且沒有任何個人擁有對這個網路的控制權。這個進程被比喻成像挖掘黃金的“挖礦”，它也是一個發放比特幣的暫時機制。然而，不像挖黃金，Bitcoin 挖礦提供一個獎賞來交換服務，這些服務對於運行一個安全的支付網路是必須的和有用的。在最後一個比特幣發放以後，挖礦仍然是必須的。

Mining is a process that uses computing power to handle transactions, secure the Internet and synchronize everyone in the system. It can be seen as a data centre for Bitcoin, but it is completely dispersed, with miners operating around the world without any individual having control over the network. This process is compared to the “mining” of gold, which is also a temporary scheme for the distribution of bitcoins. But, unlike gold, Bitcoin digs provide a reward in exchange for services that are necessary and useful for running a secure payment network.

任何人都可以通過專門的硬體來運行軟體成為 Bitcoin 挖礦者。挖礦軟體留意通過點對點網路發佈的交易并執行相應的任務來處理和確認這些交易。Bitcoin 挖礦者執行這個工作因為他們可以通過加快用戶的交易進程來賺取客戶支付的交易手續費和根據一個固定公式產生的新的比特幣。

The mining software takes care to process and validate transactions through point-to-point Internet postings and to perform the corresponding tasks. Bitcoin miners do this because they can earn transaction fees paid by clients by expediting the process and a new bitcoins based on a fixed formula.

新的交易要被確認，它們必須要與一個數學的工作證明一起被包含在一個區塊中。這樣的證明是很難產生的，因為除了每秒試著完成數以十億計的計算之外，沒有其他的辦法可以產生這樣的證明。這要求挖礦者在他們的區塊被網路接受和他們得到獎賞之前執行這些計算。隨著開始挖礦的人的增多，網路就會自動提升找到有效的區塊的難度來確保找到一個區塊的平均時間保持在10分鐘。所以，挖礦是一個競爭激烈的事情，沒有任何個挖礦者可以控制在區塊鏈中包含的東西。

New transactions are to be confirmed that they must be included in a block together with a mathematical certificate of work. Such proof is difficult to produce, because there is no other way to prove it than to try to complete a billion-dollar calculation every second. This requires miners to run these calculations before their blocks are accepted by the Internet and they are rewarded. As the number of people who start mining increases, the Internet automatically raises the difficulty of finding effective blocks to ensure that the average time for finding a block is 10 minutes.

工作證明也設計成根據之前的區塊來強加一個按時間先後排序的命令到區塊鏈中。這使得取消之前的交易變得難上加難，因為這要求重新計算那個交易所有之後的區塊的工作證明。如果同時找到兩個區塊，挖礦者先處理他們接收的第一個區塊，一旦找到下一個區塊馬上轉移到最長的鏈的區塊中。這讓挖礦能保證和維護一個建立在處理能力上的全球共識。

The certificate of work is also designed to enforce a time-sequenced order into the chain, based on the previous block. This makes it harder to cancel the transaction, because it requires a recalculation of all subsequent sections of the transaction. If two blocks are found at the same time, the diggers first deal with the first block they receive, and then move to the longest chain once the next block is found. This allows mining to guarantee and maintain a global consensus based on capacity.

Bitcoin 挖礦者既不能通過增加他們的獎賞也不能通過處理詐騙性的可能會腐敗 Bitcoin 網路的交易來欺詐，因為根據 Bitcoin 協議，所有的 Bitcoin 節點會拒絕任何包含有無效數據的區塊。所以，即便不是所有的 Bitcoin 挖礦者都可以信任，這個網路還是會保持安全。

Bitcoin diggers can neither deceive by increasing their rewards nor by dealing with potentially corrupt Bitcoin networks, which, according to Bitcoin agreements, all Bitcoin nodes reject any sections containing invalid data. So, even if not all Bitcoin diggers can trust, the network will remain secure.

花費能量來保證一個支付系統安全和運營它不會是一個浪費。像任何其他支付服務一樣，使用 Bitcoin 也會牽涉處理費用。現在普遍的貨幣系統的運營所需的服務，例如銀行、信用卡和押運車，也要使用大量的能源。而且與 Bitcoin 不同，它們的總能源消耗是不透明的，也難以估算。

The use of Bitcoin, like any other payment service, will also involve handling costs. The services needed to operate the universal monetary system now, such as banks, credit cards, and transporters, also use a lot of energy. And, unlike Bitcoin, their total energy consumption is opaque and difficult to estimate.

Bitcoin 挖礦被設計成隨著時間推移會更優化，它使用的專門硬體消耗更少的能源，而挖礦的運營成本也應該與需求相稱。當 Bitcoin 挖礦變得競爭太激烈而回報較低，一些挖礦者就會選擇停止挖礦。而且，所有花費在挖礦上的能量最終都會轉換成熱能，那些得到最多收益的挖礦者會是那些把這些熱能很好利用的人。最有效的挖礦網路實際上不會消耗額外的能源。這是一個理想的狀態，而挖礦經濟是挖礦者們個人奮力要促進的。

Bitcoin's mining is designed to be better when it moves over time, using specialized hardware that consumes less energy, and the costs of mining should also be described as demand. When Bitcoin's mining becomes too competitive and pays back less, some diggers choose to stop digging. And, all the energy spent on mining turns into heat, and those who benefit most from mining are those who make the most of it. The most efficient mining network does not actually consume extra energy.

挖礦增加了競爭激烈的等量的運氣機率，這使得每個人都很難連續不斷地添加新的交易區塊到區塊鏈中。通過防止任何個人獲得阻礙某些交易的能力，這個網路的中立性得到了保證。這也阻止了任何個人替換區塊鏈的某些部份以召回他們的花費。召回花費這種方式可能被用於詐騙其他使用者。挖礦通過要求重寫這個交易之後的所有區塊讓取消一個過去的交易變得難上加難。

Mining increases the chances of competing equivalents, which makes it difficult for everyone to constantly add new trading blocks to the chain. The neutrality of the network is guaranteed by preventing any individual from gaining the ability to block certain transactions. This also prevents any individual from replacing parts of the chain in order to recall their costs.

人們對在各種交換和業務中出現的盜賊和安全漏洞問題常常有錯誤認識。這些事件是很不幸的，但是它們和 Bitcoin 被駭毫無關係，也不意味著 Bitcoin 中有先天瑕疵；就像銀行被搶劫并不意味著美元是危險的。然而，更准確地說，用一套完整的良好措施和直覺的安全解決辦法來保護用戶的錢、降低一般的被盜和丟失的風險是必須的，在過去幾年中，這樣的安全功能已經得到迅速發展，像錢包加密、線下錢包，硬體錢包還有多重簽署交易等等皆屬此類。

These incidents are unfortunate, but they have nothing to do with Bitcoin being hacked and do not mean that Bitcoin has a natural flaw; just as bank robbery does not mean that the dollar is dangerous. More precisely, however, a complete set of good measures and intuitive safety solutions are necessary to protect the user’s money, reduce the risks of theft and loss. In the past few years, such security functions have been rapidly developed, such as the encryption of wallets, offline wallets, hard wallets and multiple signed transactions.

改變 Bitcoin 協議是不可能那麼容易做到的。任何不遵守同樣規則的 Bitcoin 客戶端是不能把自己的規則強加給其他用戶的。依據現在的規範，在同一個區塊鏈中重複花費是不可能的，而且在沒有一個有效的簽署的情況下花費比特幣也是不可能的。所以，不可能憑空產生不受控制的數量的比特幣，也不可能使用別人的資金，腐敗這個網路或像這樣的事情也不可能發生。

Changing the Bitcoin agreement is unlikely to be easy. Any Bitcoin client who does not follow the same rules cannot impose its own rules on other users. It is not possible, under current rules, to duplicate costs in the same chain, and it is not possible to spend extrabits in the absence of a valid signature. So it is not possible to generate uncontrolled amounts of bitcoins, to use other people’s funds, to corrupt the network or something like this.

然而，大部份的挖礦者可以任意地選擇阻礙或取消最近的交易。大部份的使用者也可以施加壓力來促使一些改變被接受。因為 Bitcoin 只有在所有的用戶都取得一個完全的共識的時候才能正常運行。改變協議是非常困難的，它需要絕大多數的用戶接受所作的改變。如果這樣的話，其他的用戶幾乎別無選擇只好遵從這些改變。作為一條一般規則，很難想像任何 Bitcoin 用戶會接受可能會危及他們的錢的任何改變。

However, most miners can choose to block or cancel recent transactions at will. Most users can also exert pressure to induce some change to be accepted. Because Bitcoin can only function normally if all users have a full common understanding. It is very difficult to change agreements, and it requires most users to accept the changes. If so, other users have little choice but to follow them. As a general rule, it is hard to imagine that any Bitcoin user would accept any change that could endanger their money.

是的，大部份依賴加密技術的系統一般都會，包括傳統的銀行系統。然而，量子計算器還不存在，而且可能也不會那麼快就存在。如果量子計算會對 Bitcoin 造成巨大的威脅，這個協議可以升級成使用後量子算法的。鑒於這種升級的重要性，可以安全地期待它會被開發人員高度評審并被 Bitcoin 的用戶們接受。

Yes, most systems that rely on encryption techniques generally include traditional banking systems. However, quantum calculators do not exist, and may not exist so soon. If quantum calculators pose a great threat to Bitcoin, the agreement could be upgraded to after-use quantum algorithms. Given the importance of such upgrades, it can safely be expected that they will be highly criticized by developers and accepted by Bitcoin users.