作者|B10C
Author: B10C
編譯|GaryMa吳說區塊鏈
Build a chain for Gary Ma Oh's story.
原文：
Original text:
https://b10c.me/observations/08-missing-sanctioned-transactions/
注意：原文對於每個地址以及交易都附帶對應的超鏈接，更易於讀者進行鏈上驗證。
Note: The original text has a superlink attached to each address and transaction, making it easier for readers to check on the link.
我的項目，miningpool-observer，旨在檢測比特幣礦池是否審查交易。在過去幾週，它檢測到六筆從OFAC 制裁地址支出的交易失蹤。這篇文章探討了這些交易是否被故意過濾，因為它們來自OFAC 制裁的地址，或者是否有其他可能的解釋導致這些交易未出現在區塊中。我得出結論，其中有四筆交易可能被過濾。
My project, Miningpool-observer, was designed to check whether the pits were censored. In the past few weeks, it has detected six transactions that were missing from the OFAC sanction address. This article examines whether these transactions were deliberately filtered because they came from the address of the OFAC sanctions, or whether there were any other possible explanations that would have led to the transactions not appearing in the block. I conclude that four of these transactions could have been oversaw.
在2023 年9 月和10 月，我的miningpool-observer 實例的RSS 訂閱報告了六個區塊中缺少OFAC 制裁交易。其中一個區塊由ViaBTC 礦池出塊，另一個由Foundry USA 礦池出塊，還有四個由F2Pool 出塊。 OFAC 制裁交易是指一筆從或支付給美國財政部外國資產管制辦公室（OFAC）制裁的地址的交易。我維護一個工具，從OFAC 發布的特別指定國民（SDN）名單中提取OFAC 制裁地址的清單。
In September and October 2023, my Miningpool-observer's actual RSS subscription reported a lack of OFAC sanctions transactions in six blocks. One of the blocks was from the ViaBTC mineral pool, the other from the Fondry USA mineral pool, and the other four from the F2Pool.
交易未出現在區塊中可能有幾個原因。一般來說，交易在網路中傳播不均勻，沒有全域記憶體池來選擇交易。每個節點都有自己一組有效的交易。礦池也可能優先處理透過其他方式支付的交易。然而，它們也可能對某些交易進行降級或過濾。
Transactions do not appear in blocks for a number of reasons. Generally, transactions are not distributed evenly on the Internet, and there is no global memory pool to choose transactions. Each node has its own set of valid transactions.
這裡的目標是確定礦池是否過濾了這六筆OFAC 制裁交易，或者這些交易未出現在區塊中是否有其他可能的解釋。請注意，礦池可以自由選擇包含哪些交易，排除哪些交易。然而，為了分析比特幣的抗審查性質，了解有多少礦池以及它們如何過濾交易至關重要。
The objective here is to determine whether the deposits have filtered the six OFAC sanctions transactions, or whether there are other possible explanations for not showing them in the blocks. Please note that the pits are free to choose which transactions to include and which to exclude. However, in order to analyse the anti-censorship properties of the bitcoins, it is important to know how many of the pits are and how they are filtered.
我得出結論，miningpool-observer 報告的ViaBTC 和Foundry 缺少的受制裁交易可能是誤報，而不是過濾的結果。然而，F2Pool 區塊中缺少的交易很可能已被過濾。
I conclude that the missing sanctioned transactions reported by Miningpool-observer by ViaBTC and Foundry may be misreported, not the result of filtering. However, the missing transactions in the F2Pool block are likely to have been over-screened.
ViaBTC 於2023 年9 月21 日出區塊的808660 區塊未包含交易262025e7..。這筆交易將100 個輸入合併為一個輸出。其中一個輸入支出了付款給地址1ECeZBxCVJ8Wm2JSN3Cyc6rge2gnvD3W5K 的輸出。該地址於2021 年9 月21 日被添加到OFAC 的SDN 名單中。
ViaBTC 808660 blocks of the Sunrise Block on 21 September 2023 did not include transaction 262025e7. This transaction merges 100 entries into a single output. One of them entered a payment to an address 1ECEZBxCVJ8Wm2JSN3Cyc6rge2gnvD3W5K. The address was added to the OFAC SDN list on 21 September 2021.
該交易的大小為14.7 kvB，支付費率為25.18 sat/vByte。從受制裁地址支出的輸出為0.0002 BTC（20k sat），並且是在出塊區塊808660 之前的大約75 分鐘內創建的。當ViaBTC 出塊區塊808660 時，該交易已經在我的節點記憶體池中存在了約75 分鐘。它對記憶體池中的其他交易沒有依賴關係。
The transaction is 14.7 kvB and the fee is 25.18 sat/vByte. The output from the sanctioned address is 0.0002 BTC (20k sat) and was created about 75 minutes before the release of the block 808660. When ViaBTC came out of the block 808660, the transaction was already in my nodal memory pool for about 75 minutes. It is not dependent on other transactions in the memory pool.
區塊808660以及模板的費用分佈
在miningpool.observer 上檢查808660 區塊的費率分佈，發現ViaBTC 佔用了大約4 MWU 中的1 MWU 的區塊空間，其中包括優先處理的交易。這些交易可能來自ViaBTC 比特幣交易加速器。優先處理一些交易意味著較低費率的交易，例如從受制裁地址支出的交易，在該區塊中無法包含。對於這個ViaBTC 區塊，我的miningpool-observer 實例列出了24 個未包含在該區塊中的大型合併交易。
Checking on Miningpool.observer for a fee distribution of 808660 blocks, ViaBTC was found to have occupied a block of about 4 MWU, including a priority transaction. These transactions may come from the ViaBTC bitter transaction accelerator. Some transactions are handled first, which means less expensive transactions, such as those that are financed from a sanctioned address, cannot be included in the block. For this ViaBTC block, my Miningpool-observer case lists 24 large combined transactions that are not included in the block.
區塊808660 中遺失的大型合併交易列表
由此推出結論，ViaBTC 並沒有過濾這筆交易。它被其他優先處理的交易取代。這得到了支持，因為三天后，ViaBTC 在區塊809181 中出塊了一筆從相同受制裁地址支出的交易。
This led to the conclusion that ViaBTC had not filtered the transaction. It was replaced by other priority transactions. This was supported because three days later, ViaBTC had a transaction out of block 809181 from the same sanctioned address.
Foundry USA於2023年10月21日出區塊的813231 區塊未包含交易c9b57191..。該交易將150 個輸入合併為一個輸出。其中一個輸入支出了付款給位址3PKiHs4GY4rFg8dpppNVPXGPqMX6K2cBML7 的輸出。該地址於2023 年4 月14 日被添加到OFAC 的SDN 名單中。
Foundry USA's 813231 block on October 21, 2023 did not contain transaction c9b57191. The transaction merges 150 entries into a single output. One of these entered the output of the payment to the address 3PKiHs4GY4rFg8pppNVPXGPqMX6K2cBML7. The address was added to the OFAC SDN list on April 14, 2023.
由於這150 個輸入大多是2/3 多重簽章P2SH 腳本，因此缺少的交易非常大，為43842 vByte。它支付的費率為5.09 sat/vByte，且不依賴記憶體池中的交易。這個費率足以使其在我Bitcoin Core 節點構建的模板中的2215 個交易中排名第161 位。然而，與之前的情況一樣，當我了解到Foundry USA 出塊區塊812331 時，包括這筆交易在內的其他18 筆交易僅在我的內存池中存在了大約30 秒。這使得Foundry 沒有機會在他們的區塊中包含這筆交易，因為他們還不知道這筆交易。
Since most of the 150 entries are two thirds of the multiple signature P2SH scripts, the missing transactions are very large, at 43842 vByte. It pays a fee of 5.09 sat/vByte and does not depend on the transactions in my memory pool. This rate is sufficient to rank Foundry 161st out of the 2215 transactions in my Bitcoin Core template. However, as was the case before, when I learned of the Foundry USA section, 18 other transactions, including this one, had only about 30 seconds in my memory pool. This leaves Foundry with no opportunity to include the transaction in their section, because they do not know the deal.
交易傳播可能需要幾秒鐘的時間。此外，大多數礦池每30 秒只向礦工推送新的區塊模板，然後需要一段時間來切換到新的工作。此外， miningpool-observer 工具每隔幾秒鐘請求新的區塊模板，並根據缺少和額外交易的最小差異進行最佳匹配（請參閱FAQ 中的方法論）。這使得年輕交易的誤報成為可能，可能高達60 秒左右。
Trade transmission may take several seconds. In addition, most mining pools simply send new block templates to miners every 30 seconds, and then take some time to switch to new jobs. Moreover, the Miningpool-observer tool asks for new block templates every few seconds and best matches the minimum differences between missing and extra transactions (see the methodology in FAQ). This makes it possible to misdirect young transactions by up to 60 seconds.
mempool.space 區塊瀏覽器還追蹤礦工廣播的區塊模板與最終區塊之間的差異。它們顯示c9b57191..在他們的模板中被包含，但在實際區塊中缺失。交易被他們標記為“最近廣播”。
The mempool.space browser also tracks the difference between the template and the end block of the miner's broadcast. They show that c9b57191. is contained in their template, but missing in the actual block. The transaction is marked as “Recent Broadcasting”.
Foundry 認為區塊813231 中遺失的交易被mempool.space 視為“最近廣播”
此結論顯示Foundry USA 沒有過濾此交易。該交易廣播太晚，無法納入發現區塊813231 的出塊工作中。此外，Foundry USA 還在高度813232 出塊了下一個區塊，並在其中包含了這筆受制裁交易。
The conclusion shows that Foundry USA did not filter the deal. The deal was broadcast too late to include the collection of 813231 in the discovery area. In addition, Foundry USA left the next block at altitude 813232 and included the sanctioned transaction.
F2Pool 在2023 年10月5 日出區塊了區塊810727，標識為..ccda1498；在10月12 日出區塊了區塊811791，標識為..af4453d6 和區塊811920，標識為..00badf62；以及在10月22 日出塊了區塊813357，標識為..63ac1669。每個區塊都缺少一筆受制裁交易。在這些交易中，每筆都將150個2/3 多重簽名輸入合併為一個輸出。對於每個交易，其中一個輸入花費了支付給位址3PKiHs4GY4rFg8dpppNVPXGPqMX6K2cBML 的輸出。這與前一部分討論的合併模式和地址相同。所有缺少的交易都不依賴記憶體池中的交易。
F2Pool created a block of 810727 on October 5th, 2023, marked as ccda1498; a block of 811791 on October 12th, marked as.af4453d6 and #811920, marked as.00badf62; and a block of 813357 on October 22, marked as.63ac1669. Each section lacks a sanctioned transaction. In each of these transactions, 150 two-thirds multiple signatures are added to a single output. For each transaction, one of them is paid to the location 3PKiHs4Y4FY4ppvpvpvpqMX6K2cML. This is not the same pattern and address as the missing transaction in the previous section.
在區塊810727 中，F2Pool 沒有包含交易c6a66836..9，該交易花費了一個受制裁的輸出。由於有150個2/3 多重簽名輸入，該交易相當大，佔據了44017 vBytes。它支付了446260 sat 的費用，在F2Pool 出塊區塊810727 時，在我的節點記憶體池中已經存在了將近4 小時。與c6a66836.. 相比，F2Pool 選擇包含交易907e1f45..10。這筆交易也是一個合併交易，有150個輸入和一個輸出，但不花費受制裁的輸出。它支付相同的費用，446260 sat，但實際上較大，增加了3 vByte，達到44020 vByte。這意味著缺失的交易c6a66836.. 的費率略高於907e1f45..。從費率嚴格排序的角度來看，應該包含缺少的交易。然而，在實踐中，3 vByte 的額外區塊空間不太可能在整體費用上產生影響。
In block 810727, F2Pool did not include transaction c6a66836..9, and the transaction cost a sanctioned output. With 150 2/3 multiple signatures entered, the transaction was quite large, accounting for 44017 vBytes. It paid for 446260 sat, at F2Pool 810727, but was already in my node memory pool for nearly four hours. Compared to c666836., the F2Pool option included transaction 907e1f45.10. The transaction was also a combined transaction, with 150 entries and one output without being sanctioned. It paid the same fee, 446,260 sat, but was actually larger, with an increase of 3 vByte up to 44020 vByte. This means that the missing transaction c6a683.
比較F2Pool 區塊810727 中缺少的受制裁交易與額外包含的交易。額外的交易較大，增加了3 vBytes。
在F2Pool 區塊811791 中，缺少了交易aa001ce6..9。與先前的合併交易類似，該交易的大小為42459 vBytes（169836 WU）。以446260 sat 的費用，它支付了10.5 sat/vByte 的費率。當區塊811791 到達礦池觀察節點時，該交易在其記憶體池中已經存在了四分鐘。
In F2Pool block 811791, there is a missing transaction aa001ce6.9. Similar to the previous merger transaction, the transaction was 424,559 vBytes (169836 WO). At the cost of 446260 sat, it paid 10.5 sat/vByte. The transaction had been in its memory pool for four minutes when the block 811791 reached the site.
在這個區塊中，值得注意的是缺少了五個包含OP_RETURN 的區塊承諾的交易。然而，F2Pool 卻插入了自己的塊承諾。這種情況經常發生，並且之前已經報告過。此外，F2Pool 在其區塊中包含了兩筆較大的零費用交易。其中一筆合併了先前的F2Pool coinbase 產出，另一筆是支付給礦工的交易。這是F2Pool的常見出塊行為。
In this block, it is worth noting that there are five promised transactions containing OP_RETURN. However, F2Pool inserted its own. This often happens, and has been reported previously. In addition, F2Pool contains two larger zero-cost transactions in its block. One combines the previous F2Pool coinbase production and the other pays the miners. This is F2Pol’s usual act.
儘管這些額外的交易佔用了超過400 kWU 的區塊空間，但仍然足夠包含交易aa001ce6...。該區塊包括低於aa001ce6..費率（10.5 sat/vByte）的2.86 MWU 交易。這筆約170 kWU 的交易本應能夠容納在該區塊中。在mempool.space 上，此交易標記為“已移除”，這對其區塊健康度指標產生了負面影響。
Although these extra transactions take over 400 kWU spaces, they are sufficient to include transactions aa001ce6... The block includes 2.86 MWU transactions below aa001x6.. Rate (10.5 sat/ vByte). The transaction of about 170 kWU should have been allowed to be in the block. On mempool.space, the transaction is marked as " removed ", which has had a negative impact on its health indicator.
在區塊811791 中，包含了缺少交易的費率和權重的交易包的費率分佈。
在區塊811920中，F2Pool 沒有包含交易1cb3d6bc..9，該交易花費了一個受制裁的輸出。這筆交易同樣是一筆較大的合併交易。它的大小為43630 vBytes（169836 WU），並且以44660 sat 的費用支付了10.23 sat/vByte 的費率。當區塊811920到達礦池觀察節點時，該交易在節點的記憶體池中已經存在了近2 分鐘。
In block 811920, F2Pool did not include transaction 1cb3d6bc..9, which cost a sanctioned output. The same deal was a larger combined transaction. It was 43630 vBytes (169836 WO) and paid 10.23 sat/vByte at 44660 sat. The transaction had already been in the node memory pool for almost two minutes when block 811920 reached site observation.
在區塊811920中，有1.44 MWU 的交易支付的費率低於10.23 sat/vByte。交易1cb3d6bc.. 的170 kWU 應該能夠容納在該區塊中。由於該交易在我的節點記憶體池中僅存在了將近兩分鐘，有可能在F2Pool 建立其區塊模板時尚未傳播到F2Pool。在mempool.space 上，該交易也被標記為「最近廣播」。通常，礦池努力確保與比特幣網路的良好連接。如果交易在mempool.space 和miningpool.observer 的記憶體池中，有很高的可能性該交易已經在F2Pool 的記憶體池中。在F2Pool 建立其區塊模板時，該交易已經存在。
In block 811920, 1.44 MWU transactions were paid at a rate lower than 10.23 sat/vByte. The transaction 1cb3d6bc. 170 kWU should be able to accommodate the block. Since the transaction only existed in my nodal memory pool for almost two minutes, it could have been spread to F2Pool when F2Pool set up its block template. On mempool.space, the transaction was also marked as "recent broadcast". Normally, the pits worked to ensure a good connection to the Bitconet network. If the transaction was in the memory pool of Mempool.space and Miningpool.observer, the transaction was already in F2Pool. In F2Pool, the transaction was already in existence.
在區塊811920中，包含了缺少交易的費率和權重的交易包的費率分佈。
在F2Pool 的區塊813357 中，缺少了交易e49cdb60..9，該交易花費了一個受制裁的輸出。這筆合併交易的大小為43053 vBytes（172209 WU）。以178504 sat 的費用，它支付了4.15 sat/vByte 的費率。當區塊813357 到達礦池觀察節點時，該交易在節點的記憶體池中已經存在了超過25 分鐘。
In block 813357 of F2Pool, there was a shortage of trade e49cdb60..9, which cost a sanctioned output. The combined transaction was 43053 vBytes (172209 WO). At the cost of 178504 sat, it paid for 4.15 sat/vByte. When block 813357 reached the site, the transaction had been in the nodal memory pool for more than 25 minutes.
在區塊813357 中，有684 kWU 的交易支付的費率低於4.15 sat/vByte。交易e49cdb60.. 的172 kWU 應該能夠容納在該區塊中。由於該交易在我的節點記憶體池中已經存在了超過25 分鐘，該交易很可能已經傳播到F2Pool 的一個節點。該交易也包含在mempool-space 對於區塊813357 的模板中。
Of block 813357, 684 kWU transactions are paid at a rate lower than 4.15 sat/vByte. The 172 kWU of transaction e49cdb60. should be able to accommodate the block. Since the transaction has been in my nodal memory pool for more than 25 minutes, the transaction is likely to have spread to a node in F2Pool. The transaction is also included in the template for mempol-space for block 813357.
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