由公开资料搜集整理和加工形成，仅用于笔记整理，如有侵权联系删除。
xff0c from public data collection and processing; used only for notebooks xff0c; deleted if tort link.
Blockchain 是什么？：正在兴起的交易服务平台；使用密码学算法防篡改的账簿；共享帐簿 （Shared Ledger）: 解决分布式环境中多方参与的互信问题 （业务处理中由于信用不连续导致的冲突和摩擦）。
（属于信息安全领域和金融科技领域）
Blockchain what xff1f; xff1a; emerging trading services platform xff1b; xff1b; xff1b against tampering using cryptography algorithms; shared book & #xff08; Shared Ledger） xff08; #xff08; br/> xff08; in the area of information security and financial science and technology xff09;
区块链（Blockchain） 是指通过 去中心化和去信任的方式集体维护一个可靠数据库的技术方案。通俗一点说，区块链技术就指一种全民参与记账的方式。所有的系统背后都有一个数据库，你可以把数据库看成是就是一个大账本。那么谁来记这个账本就变得很重要。目前就是谁的系统谁来记账，微信的账本就是腾讯在记，淘宝的账本就是阿里在记。但现在区块链系统中，系统中的每个人都可以有机会参与记账。在一定时间段内如果有任何数据变化，系统中每个人都可以来进行记账，系统会评判这段时间内记账最快最好的人，把他记录的内容写到账本，并将这段时间内账本内容发给系统内所有的其他人进行备份。这样系统中的每个人都了一本完整的账本。这种方式，我们就称它为区块链技术。
block chain & #xff08; Blockchain） refers to a technical program for collective maintenance of a reliable database by means of decentralizing and detrusting . A popular phrase & #xff0c; block chain technology refers to a method of participatory accounting. All systems have a database xff0c; everyone in the system has the opportunity to be involved in recording it if there is any data change xff0c; everyone in the system can record the account xff0c; in the system 0xx0x
区块链是一种分布式数据库，是一串使用密码学方法相关联产生的数据块，每个数据块都包含了一次网络交易信息，用于验证其信息的有效性和生成下一个区块。
The block chain is a distributed database & #xff0c; it is a series of data blocks & #xff0c that are associated with cryptography; each data block contains a network transaction information & #xff0c; it is used to verify the validity of its information and to generate the next block.
Blockchain技术是一种因为Bitcoin而出名的设计模式，但它的用途更加广泛。比特币（Bitcoin） 是目前最大的区块链应用。它是一种点对点的电子现金系统，基于密码学原理（如Hash, 数字签名, 加解密等）而不基于信用，使得任何达成一致的双方能够直接进行支付，不需要第三方中介的参与。
Blockchai technology is a famous design model for Bitcoin & #xff0c; it is more widely used. Bitcoin & #xff08; Bitcoin） it is currently the largest block chain application. It is a point-to-point electronic cash system ， it is based on cryptography & #xff08; for example, Has, digital signatures, decrypting & #xff09; it is not based on credit & #xff0c; it enables any parties to agree to pay directly xff0c; it does not require the involvement of third-party intermediaries.
从字面上看：区块链是由一个个记录着各种信息的小区块链接起来组成的一个链条，类似于我们将一块块砖头叠起来，而且叠起来后是没办法拆掉的，每个砖头上面还写着各种信息，包括：谁叠的，什么时候叠的，砖头用了什么材质等等，这些信息你也没办法修改。
从计算机上看：区块链是一种比较特殊的分布式数据库。分布式数据库就是将数据信息单独放在每台计算机，且存储的信息是一致的，如果有一两台计算机坏掉了，信息也不会丢失，你还可以在其他计算机上查看到。
views ： on computers; block chains are a more special distributed database . The distributed database is to separate data information into each computer xff0c; the stored information is consistent xff0c; if one or two computers are broken xff0c; the information is not lost xff0c; you can also view it on other computers.
区块链是一种分布式的数据库，所以它是没有中心点的，信息存储在所有加入到区块链网络的节点当中，节点的数据是同步的。节点可以是一台服务器，笔记本电脑，手机等。节点的存储的数据都是一模一样。
Block chains are distributed databases & #xff0c; so it is
意义：Blockchain 会从根本上改变我们做生意的方式。有极大可能性使得有多方参与的商业网络转型，从而明显地降低成本和风险，并进行业务模式创新。
在牺牲一点效率的情况下，获得了极大的安全性。首先没有一本中央大账本了，所以无法摧毁。每个节点都仅仅是系统的一部分，每个节点权利相等，都有着一模一样的账本。摧毁部分节点对系统一点都没有影响。其次，无法作弊，因为除非你能控制系统内大多数人的电脑都进行修改，否则系统会参照多数人的意见来决定什么才是真实结果，结果会发现修改自己的账本完全没有意义（因为别人不承认）。其次，由于没有中心化的中介机构存在，让所有的东西都通过预先设定的程序自动运行，不仅能够大大降低成本，也能提高效率。而由于每个人都有相同的账本，能确保账本记录过程是公开透明的。
xff0c; gained a great deal of security at the expense of a little efficiency. First, there is no central large account book xff0c; so it cannot be destroyed. Each node is only part of the system xff0c; each node is equal xff0c; every node is identical. The destruction of part of the node has no effect on the system. Second xff0c; there is no means of cheating xff0c; unless you can control the computers of most people in the system xff0c; otherwise the system will decide what is the real result by reference to the majority's opinion xff0c; the result will be that the modification of its book is completely meaningless xff08; because everyone does not recognize #xff09; its sub#xff0c; there is no centralized intermediary xff0c; allowing everything to run automatically through predefined procedures xff0c; it will not only significantly reduce costs xff0c; it will also improve efficiency.
区块链主要的优势是无需中介参与、过程高效透明且成本很低、数据高度安全。所以如果在这三个方面有任意一个需求的行业都有机会使用区块链技术。
section chains have the main advantage of not requiring intermediaries, efficient and transparent processes and low cost and highly secure data.
“过去的20多年，互联网使得个人和组织能够更有效地进行商业和社会活动。 然而个人和组织相互之间进行交易易基本模式并没有改变。 Blockchain 可以带给那些流程更多的开放性和效率，正如我们在互联网时代所期待的那样。” —Arvind Krishna, Senior VP, IBM Research
“For the last 20 years xff0c; the Internet has enabled individuals and organizations to conduct business and social activities more effectively, but the basic mode of ease of dealing between individuals and organizations has not changed. Blockchain can bring more openness and efficiency to those processes xff0c; as we expected in the Internet age.” Arvind Krishna, Senior VP, IBM Research.
区块链最重要的是解决了中介信用问题。在过去，两个互不认识和信任的人要达成协作是难的，必须要依靠第三方。比如支付行为，在过去任何一种转账，必须要有银行或者支付宝这样的机构存在。但是通过区块链技术，比特币是人类第一次实现在没有任何中介机构参与的情况下，完成双方可以互信的转账行为。这是区块链的重大突破。
Block chains are most important in resolving the issue of intermediary credit. In the past, xff0c; xff0c; it is difficult for two people who do not know and trust each other to work together; it is necessary to rely on third parties. For example, payment acts xff0c; in the past, any kind of transfer xff0c; there must be a bank or a payment bond. But through block chain technology xff0c; bitcoin is the first time that humanity has achieved xff0c without any intermediary involvement; and it is a major breakthrough in the chain.
信任关系：由单点信任转变为群体信任，构筑安全可信计算。同时由于区块链是算法保证的安全性，把对“人”的信任转变为了对“机器”的信任。
对个体的信任是建立在足够的信任度上的。一个trick是：人们不信任一个没有足够信用度的单独个体，但你会信任一堆个体或者有足够信用度的单独个体（群体）。在现实社会中，银行就是这个有足够信用度的个体（中心）。以银行、支付宝等作为信用中介是需要成本的，而我们普通大众就要为这庞大的信用成本买单。所以才会造就金融业是最赚钱的行业、拥有支付宝的蚂蚁金服利润惊人。
Trust relationships & #xff1a; trust from
区块链技术是比特币的底层技术，在早期并没有太多人注意到比特币的底层技术。但是当比特币在没有任何中心化机构运营和管理的情况下，在多年里非常稳定的运行，并且没有出现过任何问题。所以很多人注意到，该底层技术技术也许有很大的机制，而且不仅仅可以在比特币中使用，也许可以在许多领域都能够应用这种技术。于是把比特币技术抽象提取出来，称之为区块链技术，或者分布式账本技术。所以从某个角度来看，比特币可以看成是区块链第一个应用，而区块链更类似于TCP/IP这样的底层技术，以后会扩展到越来越多的行业中。
Block chain technology is the bottom technology of Bitcoin & #xff0c; not much attention was paid to bitcoin's bottom technology at an early stage. But when bitcoin is not run and managed by any central agency & #xff0c; it has been running very steadily for years & #xff0c; and there have been no problems. So many people have noticed & #xff0c; the bottom technology may be a very large mechanism & #xff0c; it may not only be used in bitcoin; it may be applied in many areas. So it can be extracted abstractly from bitcoin technology xff0c; known as block chain technology #xff0c; or distributed account technology. So from one perspective & #xff0c; bitco can be seen as the first application of block chains & #xff0c; and the sector chains are more similar to those of TCP/IP #xff0c; it can be expanded to a growing number of industries.
区块链技术在金融领域中主要的优势去中介化和极大的降低成本。
首先金融行业目前由于防止单点故障和系统性风险，需要进行层层审计来控制金融风险，但由此也造成高昂的内部成本。并且由于不断增加的监管法规出现，特别是2008年金融危机导致对于金融管控门槛不断升高，而反恐战争导致反洗钱和反恐怖主义融资的范围也让监管的广度和深度逐渐扩大，导致整个金融系统的监管成本急剧增加。在这种情况下，区块链技术能够通过防篡改和高透明的方式让真个金融系统极大的降低成本。根据西班牙最大银行桑坦德发布的一份报告显示，2020年左右如果全世界的银行内部都使用区块链技术的话，大概每年能省下200亿美元的成本。这样的数据足以说明"区块链"给传统金融领域带来的巨大变革和突破。
First, the financial sector is currently facing high financial control thresholds as a result of the single point failure and
此外由于历史原因，导致传统金融机构在结算和清算时都依靠中央结算所来完成，而由此造成的问题就是效率低下。传统的跨国结算就是因为要通过类似于SWIFT这样的机构，所以跨国电汇往往是按天来计算的。但是比特币在使用区块链技术时，在完全没有中心化运营机构的情况下，完美的运行了七年，不仅能够实现实时结算和清算，而且没有出现过任何一笔账目错误。所以，如果所有的金融系统能够实现去中心化的实时结算和清算，不仅仅将极大的提高全球金融效率，并且由此能够改变全球金融的格局。
In addition, for historical reasons xff0c; leading traditional financial institutions to rely on a central clearing house for their settlement and liquidation; and the resulting inefficiency. Traditional cross-border settlements are based on the adoption of institutions such as SWIFT xff0c; so transnational wire transfers are often calculated by day. But Bitcoin xff0c when using block chain technology xff0c; xff0c when there is no central operating agency at all; seven years of perfect operation xff0c; not only real-time settlement and settlement xff0c; and there has been no accounting error. So ff0c; if all financial systems are able to achieve decentralized real-time settlement and settlement xff0c; not only will greatly improve global financial efficiency xff0c; and thus change the global financial landscape.
比特币中的"挖矿"实际上就是记账的过程，比特币的运算采用了一种称为"工作量证明（Proof of Work，PoW）“的机制，系统为了找出谁有更强大的计算能力，每次会出一道数学题，只有最快解出这道题目的计算机才能进行记账。而抢到记账权的计算机会获得25个比特币的奖励。通常把这个行为称为"挖矿”，把获得的比特币视为挖矿成功获得的奖励。
34 in Bitcoin; mining 34; actually the process of bookkeeping xff0c; Bitcoin's operation used a name 34; workload proof xff08; Proof of Work， PoW） “Mechanisms xff0c; systems to find out who has greater computing power xff0c; mathematical questions xff0c per time; only computers with the fastest possible resolution of the subject xff0c; computers with the right to bookkeeping are rewarded with 25bits.
并非所有的区块链项目都会采用类似于比特币这样的"工作量证明"方式，这更多出现在早期的区块链项目中。如果采取其他的证明机制，如"权益证明（Proof of Stake，PoS）"、"股份授权证明机制（DPoS，Delegate Proof of Stake）"都是不需要采取这样的挖矿方式。
Not all block chain projects use 34; workload certification & #34; mode xff0c; this is more evident in earlier block chain projects. If other certification mechanisms are adopted xff0c; e.g. #34; certificate of interest xff08; Proof of Stake， PoS） 34; share authorization mechanisms xff08; DPoS， Delegate Proof of Stake #xff09; and #34; all do not need such mining.
区块链和大数据关系并不是很大。大数据主要的是对于海量数据进行管理，而区块链的核心是在没有中心化中介计入的情况下实现数据的高安全性和高可靠性。所以区块链和大数据并不互相冲突，也不会取代，完全是面对不同场景情况下对于数据的不同解决方案。
Block chains and large data relationships are not very large. Big data are mainly about managing big data xff0c; and at the heart of block chains are about achieving high security and reliability of data without centralizing intermediaries. So block chains and big data do not conflict with each other xff0c; they do not replace xff0c; they are entirely different solutions for data in different contexts.
云计算通常定义为通过互联网来提供动态易扩展且经常是虚拟化的资源，但是提供云计算平台的往往是一个中心化机构。而区块链组成的网络一般是没有特定的机构，所以区块链更接近分布式计算系统的定义，属于分布式计算的一种。不过，区块链是能够实现云存储的，不同于目前中心化提供云存储空间，区块链有一些提供去中心化的云存储方案。这样的项目包括Storj，Sia，Maidsafe。
Cloud computing is usually defined as the provision of dynamic and easy-extensible resources via the Internet, often virtual xff0c; however, cloud computing platforms are often provided by a central institution. The network of block chains is generally not a specific institution xff0c; so block chains are closer to the definition of distributed computing systems xff0c; they are one of the distributed calculations. However xff0c; block chains are xff0c capable of achieving cloud storage; unlike the current centralized provision of cloud storage space xff0c; block chains have a number of cloud storage options that provide decentralized storage. Such projects include Stotjxff0c; Siaff0c; Maidsafe.
区块链不是一种特定的软件，就像"数据库"这个三个字表现的意思一样，它是一种特定技术的设计思想。可以用绝大多数语言来实现它，而且实现的方式也有许多种。而且区块链技术目前还在快速发展中，相对而言，目前区块链技术设计思想还是比较简单的，也许在未来会变得愈加复杂。
The block chain is not a specific software xff0c; it is like 34; the database 34; it is a three-word expression xff0c; it is a design idea for a particular technology. It can be achieved in most languages xff0c; and there are many ways in which it can be achieved. And the block chain technology is currently developing rapidly xff0c; xff0c in relative terms; the current technical design of the block chain is still relatively simple xff0c; it may become more complex in the future.
公有链是任何节点都是向任何人开放的，每个人都可以参与到这个区块链中参与计算，而且任何人都可以下载获得完整区块链数据（全部账本）。但是有些区块链的应用场景下，并不希望这个系统任何人都可以参与，任何人都可以查看所有数据，只有被许可的节点才可以参与并且查看所有数据。那么这种区块链结构我们称为私有链。
is xff0c > open to anyone; everyone can participate in calculating xff0c in this block chain; and anyone can download complete block chain data xff08; full account book xff09; but there are blocks where application xff0c; no one can be expected to participate in the system xff0c; anyone can look at all data xff0c; only permitted nodes can participate and see all data. This block chain structure we call private chain /font >.
联盟链是指参与每个节点的权限都完全对等，大家在不需要完全互信的情况下就可以实现数据的可信交换，R3组成的银行区块链联盟要构建的就是典型的联盟链。
means that the rights to participate in each node are fully reciprocal xff0c; a credible exchange of data can be achieved without the need for complete mutual trust xff0c; the banking block chain alliance of R3 is a typical union chain.
但是随着区块链技术的快速发展，不排除以后公有链和私有链的界限会变得比较模糊。因为每个节点的可以有较为复杂的读写权限，也许有部分权限的节点会向所有人开发，而部分记账或者核心权限的节点只能向许可的节点开放，那就会不再是纯粹的公有链或者私有链。
But with the rapid development of block chain technology xff0c; it is not excluded that the boundaries of subsequent public and private chains will become blurred. Because each node can have more complicated reading and writing privileges xff0c; a node with perhaps partial rights will develop xff0c for all; and a node with partial bookkeeping or core rights can only be opened to permitted node xff0c; that will no longer be a pure public or private chain.
目前区块链技术还处于一个非常早期的阶段，不仅尚未形成统一的技术标准，而且各种技术方案还在快速发展中。但是过去被认为基于区块链技术的系统会非常耗费资源（类似于比特币），或者区块链技术的系统处理数据有限制之类的问题已经在技术上获得了突破。但是，对于区块链技术的可扩展性，还没有经过大规模的实践考验，而现在主要还停留在原型设计阶段。
At present, block chain technology is at a very early stage xff0c; not only is there yet a uniform technical standard xff0c; and various technical options are developing rapidly. But systems that were previously considered to be based on block chain technology will be resource-intensive xff08; issues such as Bitcoin xff09; xff0c; or system processing data limitations in block chain technology have been technologically breakthroughs. But xff0c; scalability for block chain technology xff0c; have not been tested on a large scale xff0c; and are still mainly at the prototype design stage.
如果不能定量分析，使用区块链技术能够为我们带来的实际好处，包括能够节省的资金和创造的价值，那么金融行业短期内还会保持相对谨慎的态度。毕竟，目前全球金融的基础设施投入已经超过数万亿，要建立一套全新的金融架构和底层操作体系是需要有实际数据相支撑的。在现有技术还没有被部署并且获得使用案例的情况下，能节省下的总金额还是很难确定的。这到目前为止，还是一个巨大的疑问存在，就是到底需要多少资金才能建立一个足够强大的区块链来平台处理，资本市场生态系统每天需要面对的万亿数量级的美元。
If there is no quantitative analysis of the real benefits to us of using block-chain technology & #xff0c; including savings and value created & #xff0c; then the financial sector will remain relatively cautious in the short term. After all & #xff0c; infrastructure investment in global finance now exceeds several trillion & #xff0c; a new financial architecture and bottom operating system will need to be supported by real data.
此外区块链行业极其缺乏人才，缺少大量既了解区块链技术，又了解金融的多方面人才，市场正在拼命寻找可以连接两个世界的人才，需要能够在现实世界中，将区块链技术能够在资本市场中实现，并且实现更好的功能。而需要建立基于区块链技术的全新系统，必然是需要这样的跨界人才。
In addition, the block chain industry is extremely short of talent xff0c; lacks a large number of people who know both the block chain technology xff0c; xff0c; markets are struggling to find people who can connect the two worlds xff0c; there is a need to be able to xff0c in the real world; to make block chain technology xff0c in the capital market; and to achieve better functionality. There is a need to build a new system based on block chain technology xff0c; there is certainly a need for such a cross-border talent.
智能合约是一种用计算机语言取代法律语言去记录条款的合约。智能合约可以由一个计算系统自动执行。如果区块链是一个数据库，智能合约就是能够使区块链技术应用到现实当中的应用层。传统意义上的合同一般与执行合同内容的计算机代码没有直接联系。纸质合同在大多数情况下是被存档的，而软件会执行用计算机代码形式编写的合同条款。智能合约的潜在好处包括降低签订合约、执行和监管方面的成本；因此，对很多低价值交易相关的合约来说，这是极大降低人力成本。
Smart Contracts is a contract where replaces legal language to record clauses in computer languages. Smart contracts can be executed automatically by a computing system. If block chains are a database & #xff0c; smart contracts are applications that can be used to apply block chain technology to reality. Traditional contracts are generally not directly related to the computer code that executes the content of the contract. Paper contracts are, in most cases, archived xff0c; software implements contract terms in the form of computer codes. The potential benefits of smart contracts include reducing the cost of contracting, enforcing and regulating xff1b; xff0c; thus xff0c; for many low-value transactions xff0c; this is a significant reduction in human costs.
央行如果能够通过区块链来发行法币，那么也可以通过智能合约技术，将代码嵌入到法币发行的行为中，则这部分法币可以被称为"可编程货币"。比如，如果央行指定某一部分资金是发放到农业相关的账户，那么则可以对这部分资金写入相应程序，指定该部分资金只能进入到农业相关的账户中，那么这部分资金在任何情况下也不可能会被挪用到其他的账户中。如果大部分货币都成为"可编程货币"，那么我们则可以想象到，他们组成的金融环境就变成了"可编程金融"。
If the central bank can issue the French currency xff0c through a block chain, it can also do so through smart contract technology xff0c; embed the code in the act of issuing the French currency xff0c; this part of the coin can be called 34; programming currency #34; e.g. xff0c; if the central bank assigns a portion of the money to an agricultural-related account xff0c; then it can write that part into the corresponding procedure xff0c; assigns that part only to an agricultural-related account xff0c; then this part of the money may not be diverted to other accounts under any circumstances. If most of the money becomes 34; programming money 34; xff0c; then we can imagine xff0c; their financial environment becomes 34; programable finance34; #34; #34.
基本上没什么关系，除非是准备从事这方面的创业。就和TCP/IP协议和普通人之间的关系，普通人完全不需要知道什么是互联网底层的TCP/IP协议，只要享受互联网提供的服务就行。
There is basically nothing to do with xff0c; unless it is prepared to start a business. The relationship with TCP/IP and ordinary people xff0c; there is no need for ordinary people to know what the TCP/IP at the bottom of the Internet xff0c; it is simply to enjoy the services provided by the Internet.
不是。比特币本身是作为一种支付系统，所以它需要有一个价值度量的工具，所以必须要有bitcoin出现。此外，为了奖励有更多人愿意贡献自己的计算机来为系统提供计算，所以需要有bitcoin来进行奖励。而在一些私有链的系统，可以设计专门的资产进行交易，而每个节点都是必须参与计算，这是他们的责任也是他们的权利，所以不用考虑通过奖励的方式来鼓励他们参与，所以在这样的系统里面就可能不再需要设计某种币的存在。
No. Bitcoin itself is a
比特币在主要的世界大国，包括中国在内一直都是完全合法的。由于某些不良媒体的误导，使很多人以为中国曾经宣布过比特币非法。事实上，根据2013年12月5日，中国人民银行等五部委发布的防范比特币风险的通知中明确规定，比特币是一种特定虚拟商品，普通民众在自担风险的前提下拥有参与的自由。而各类金融机构和支付机构不得开展比特币相关的金融服务，或者将比特币作为投资标的。比特币在德国作为货币单位，在美国定义为大宗商品。欧盟法院认为比特币为一种支付手段，无需征收增值税。
Bitcoin has always been completely legal in the major world powers xff0c; including China. Misdirected by some bad media xff0c; led many people to think that China had declared Bitcoin illegal. In fact xff0c; according to xff0c of December 5, 2013 issued by five ministries, such as the People’s Bank of China; explicitly stated xff0c; Bitcoin is a specific virtual commodity xff0c; ordinary people have the freedom to participate with their own risks.
目前包括比特币在内的所有数字货币都具有很高的风险，区块链技术本身在刚刚起步阶段，所有的区块链项目也都具有非常高的风险。不建议任何普通人投资任何数字货币和区块链相关的项目。并且数字货币和区块链具有一定的技术门槛，普通人无法区分哪些是真实的项目，哪些是传销项目。所以普通人建议不要投资任何这类的项目。对于任何你无法分辨是否是传销的项目，请直接视为传销项目。
All digital currencies, including Bitcoin, currently have a high risk of ， block chain technology itself at the start-up stage & #xff0c; all block chain projects also have very high risks. No ordinary person is recommended to invest in any digital currency and block chain-related items. And the digital currency and block chain have a certain technical threshold xff0c; ordinary people cannot distinguish between real items xff0c; which are distribution items. So ordinary people suggest not to invest in any of these items.
大多数区块链都处于起步阶段，而主要都是在海外，国内好的区块链项目非常非常少，所以不建议任何非专业人士投资区块链项目。如果对区块链技术很有兴趣，自己有技术或者金融相关的背景，建议可以考虑在这方面进行创业。
Most block chains are in the start-up phase xff0c; mostly overseas xff0c; very few good block chain projects in the country xff0c; so no unprofessional investment block chain projects are recommended. If there is interest in block chain technology xff0c; if there is a technical or financial background xff0c; it is suggested that entrepreneurship could be considered in this regard.
比特币是一个自称为"中本聪"的人或者团队创造的，并且在比特币项目初期就已经完全退出了这个项目。"中本聪"是日本人的可能性非常小，因为他过去的电子邮件中可以推测出，他应该是一个以英语为母语的人。此外比特币创造者对于目前比特币的项目已经完全没有影响力，所以不太可能是某个阴谋的产物。无论"中本聪"在之后是否会出现，或者在肉体上被消灭都无法影响对比特币产生太多的影响。
Bitcoin is a self-proclaimed 34; 34; xff0c; created by a person or a team; and completely withdrawn from the project in the early stages of the Bitcoin project. 34; 34; is a very small possibility for a Japanese xff0c; because in his previous e-mails he can deduce xff0c; he should be a mother tongue in English. Besides, Bitcoin creators no longer have any influence on the current Bitcoin project xff0c; so it is unlikely to be the product of a conspiracy. 34; 34; 37; 34; ffffff0c; or that physical elimination will not have much impact on a special coin.
Q币是一种中心化的电子货币，包括总量，发行方式都是由腾讯公司控制的。而比特币的总量，发行方式都是由程序和加密算法预先设定后，在全世界的多个节点上运行，没有任何人和机构可以修改，不受任何单一人或者机构来控制。一般称Q币为电子货币，或者企业代币。称比特币为数字货币或者加密数字货币。
Qnotes are a central electronic currency xff0c; they include totals xff0c; they are issued in a manner controlled by RTC. The amount of bitcoins xff0c; they are issued in a manner predefined by program and encryption algorithms xff0c; they run xff0c at multiple nodes around the world; no person or institution can modify xff0c; they are not controlled by any single person or institution.
如同前面所说，矿工参与争夺记账权是有机会获得奖励的。在开始的时候是每10分钟系统会奖励记账最快最好的人50个比特币，然后这50个每四年减半，差不多在2140年的时候就不再有新的比特币出现，将会达到2100万个的上限。在这之后，将会使用交易手续费来奖励矿工。
As stated earlier xff0c; miners' involvement in the fight for bookkeeping is an opportunity to be rewarded. At the start of the system, 50 bitcoins xff0c are rewarded every 10 minutes; then the 50 are halved every four years xff0c; there will be no new bitcoin xff0c; it will reach the upper limit of 21 million. xff0c; after that, will be used to reward miners.
故事：
story@#xff1a;
- 如何取消和降低信任成本？
区块链本质上是解决信任问题、降低信任成本的技术方案，目的就是为了去中心化，去信用中介。区块链是比特币的底层技术。
2、矿工节点接收到交易信息后，都要拿出账簿本记载该次交易。一旦记录，就不可撤销，不能随意销毁。矿工节点是通过电脑运行的比特币软件对交易的进行确认的。
为了鼓励矿工的服务，对于其所记录和确认的交易，系统为矿工提供25个比特币作为奖励。（这个奖励数量，系统设定每4年减半）。奖励只有一份，那就看谁记录的快呗。如果同时记录呢？为了减少这种情况，系统会出一道十分钟的运算题，谁能最快解出值，谁就将获得记录入账权利，并赢得奖励。区块链中所运用算法并不是简单的计算题，而是使用哈希散列（Hash）算法。哈希散列是密码学里的经典技术，可以用来验证有没有人篡改数据内容。
3、获得记账权的矿工将向全网广播该笔交易，账簿公开，其他矿工将核对确认这些账目。交易达到6个确认以上就成功记录在案了。矿工记录的时候，还会将该笔交易盖上时间戳，形成一个完整时间链。
4、当其它矿工对账簿记录都确认无误后，该记录就确认合法，矿工们就进入了下一轮记账权争夺战。
矿工的每个记录，就是一个区块（block），会盖上时间戳，每个新产生的区块严格按照时间线形顺序推进，形成不可逆的链条（chain），所以叫做区块链（Blockchain）。而且每个区块都含有其上一个区块的哈希值，确保区块按照时间顺序连接的同时没有被篡改。
block contains two parts xff1a; 1; 我们以转账为例: We take the example of transfers: 比特币2009年被中本聪提出，然后参考了比特币的实现提炼出了区块链的技术。如果说比特币是面条，那么区块链就是面粉，后面大家发现面粉除了能做面条还可以做馒头跟包子。 Bitcoin was proposed by Bintco Central in 2009 & #xff0c; then reference was made to Bitcoin's realization to refine the block chain. If Bitcoin is a noodle & #xff0c; then the block chain is flour & #xff0c; then it turns out that flour can be made as buns and buns in addition to noodles. 无利不起早，简单说就是你帮我存储信息，我给你相应的报酬。 #xff0c; Simply put, you help me store the information #xff0c; I give you the corresponding reward. 通过 Hash 与 非对称加密来保障数据无法被篡改： guarantees data cannot be tampered with by Hash and asymmetric encryption xff1a; 共识算法：保障节点与节点之间的数据一致性。 Consensus algorithm xff1a; safeguard data consistency between nodes and nodes. 麻将作为中国传统的区块链项目，四个矿工一组，先碰撞出13个数字正确哈希值的矿工可以获得记账权并得到奖励。 Ma will serve as the traditional Chinese block chain project xff0c; a group of four miners xff0c; and miners who first collide 13 numerically correct Hashi values will be given rights to bookkeeping and be rewarded.
0; broadcast every transaction over the Internet. xff0c; must broadcast to every node.
; 
若两个人同时上传，虽然这个概率很小，但是若发生，我们就看最后的区块链哪条更长，短的那条就失效。这就是区块链中的"双花问题"（同一笔钱花两次）。对于要制作虚假交易，除非你说服了全网里超过51%的矿工都更改某一笔账目，否则你的篡改都是无效的。网络中参与人数越多，实现造假可能性越低。这也是集体维护和监督的优越性，伪造成本最大化。说服51%的人造假还是灰常灰常难的。
![](https://img-blog.csdn_0210218164921995.png?x-oss-process= image/watermark, type_ZmfuZ3poZW5GvpdGk, shadow_10, text_aHR0-M6Ly9ibnLznznjnjnjnjnjög, cn_0202020182186492, 1995.png?scn_silm_silmk_falk_sil_sat; `sctt' / rbr/> both xf0c; ffffffff</p>
<p><strong>去中心化</strong>：区块链<strong>颠覆性</strong>特点,因为它是分布式存储的，不存在任何中心机构和中心服务器，即不存在中心点，也可以说各个节点都是中心点，生活中应用就是不需要第三方系统了（银行、支付宝、房产中介等都属于第三方）。所有交易都发生在每个人电脑或手机上安装的客户端应用程序中。实现点对点直接交互，既节约资源，使交易自主化、简易化，又排除被中心化代理控制的风险。</p><p><strung> goes to centralize </strang> & #xff1a; the block chain <strang > subversive </strang > because it is distributed storage xff0c; there is no central agency and central server xff0c; i.e. there is no central point xff0c; all nodes are central xff0c; applications in life do not require third-party systems xff08; banks, payment treasures, real estate intermediaries, etc. are third parties xff09; all transactions occur in customer-end applications installed on every computer or mobile phone. Realizing point-to-point interaction xff0c; saving resources #xff0c; automating, simplifying transactions xff0c; and excluding the risk of centralizing agency control.</p>
<p><strong>开放性</strong>：区块链可以理解为一种<strong>公共记账</strong>的技术方案，系统是完全开放透明的，账簿对所有人公开，实现数据共享，任何人都可以查账。当然这里头的一些个人<strong>私有信息是加密</strong>的。</p><p><strang> Open </strang> & #xff1a; block chains can be understood as a technical program for <strang > public accounts </strang > xff0c; systems are fully open and transparent xff0c; books are open to all xff0c; data sharing xff0c; anyone can check. Of course, some individuals <strang > private information here are encrypted </strang >.</p>
<p><strong>不可撤销、不可篡改和加密安全性</strong>：如果信息存储到区块链中就被永久保存，是没办法去改变，至于 51% 攻击，基本不可能实现。区块链采取<strong>单向哈希算法</strong>，每个新产生的区块严格按照时间线形顺序推进，时间的不可逆性、不可撤销导致任何试图入侵篡改区块链内数据信息的行为易被追溯，导致被其他节点的排斥，造假成本极高，从而可以限制相关不法行为。</p><p><strong> is irrevocable, non-alterable and encrypted security</strung>： information is permanently stored xff0c if stored in the block chain; there is no way to change xff0c; as for 51% attack xff0c; it is virtually impossible to achieve. The block chain adopts the <strang > one-way Hashi algorithm </strang xff0c; each newly created block moves strictly in the time-line order xff0c; time irreversibly and irrevocably leads to any attempt to invade data information in the tampered block chain xff0c; leads to exclusion #xff0c by other nodes xff0c; the counterfeiting cost is extremely high xff0c; this may limit the wrongful act in question.</p>
<p><strong>自治性</strong>：区块链采用<strong>基于协商一致的规范和协议</strong>（比如一套公开透明的算法），然后各个节点就按照这个规范来操作，这样就是所有的东西都有机器完成，就没有人情成分。 使得<strong>对"人"的信任改成了对机器的信任</strong>，任何人为的干预不起作用。</p><p><strang> Autonomy</strang>： block chains adopting <strang> norms and agreements based on consensus</strang>（ e.g. a transparent algorithm xff09; xff0c; then the nodes operate xff0c according to this norm; so that everything has a machine to complete xff0c; there is no human element.</p>
<p><strong>匿名性</strong>：区块链上面没有个人的信息，因为这些都是<strong>加密</strong>的，是一堆数字字母组成的字符串，这样就不会出现你的各种身份证信息、电话号码被倒卖的现象。</p><p><strong> anonymously</strang>： personal information is not available on the block chain xff0c; these are xff0cs of <strang> encryption </strang>; they are a string of digital letters xff0c; thus, your various identification information and telephone numbers are not resold.</p>
<p><strong>区块包含两个部分：</strong><br /> 1、区块头（Head）：记录当前区块的元信息<br /> 2、区块体（Body）：实际数据<br /> 包含数据如下图所示：<br /> <img src=)
block head xff08; xfff09; xfff1a; metadata recording the current block
2, block body xff08; xff09; xff1a; actual data
; xff1a;
<
目前我们转账都是中心化的，银行是一个中心化账本，例如 A 账号里有 400 块钱，B 账号里有 100 块钱。当 A 要转 100 块钱给 B 时，A 要通过银行提交转账申请，银行验证通过后，就从 A 账号上扣除 100 块，B 账号增加 100 块。计算后 A 账号扣除 100 后余额为300元，B 账号加上 100 后余额为 200 元。
区块链上转账的步骤则是：A 要转账给 B 100 块钱，A 就会在网络上把要转账的这个信息告诉大家，大家会去查看 A 的账户上是否有足够的钱去完成这个转账，如果验证通过后，大家就把这个信息都记录到自己的电脑上区块链中，且每个人记入的信息都是同步一致的，这样 A 就顺利将 100 块钱转移到了 B 的账户上。可以看到这中间并没有银行啥事。
xff0c; banks are now all centralized xff0c; banks are centralized books & xff0c; for example, account number A has 400 dollars & xff0c; account number B has 100 dollars. When A transfers 100 dollars to B xff0c; banks submit transfer applications xff0c; banks verify after xff0c; bank account number 
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