密码学是区块链的底层技术,没有密码学就没有区块链,没有密码学支撑的区块链不可能安全。
The cryptography is the bottom of the block chain, there is no block chain without cryptography, and the chain of blocks without cryptographic support cannot be secure.
区块链发明者站在了计算机科学、密码学、博弈论这三个“巨人”的肩膀上,如果区块链用到的密码学技术不安全,那么所有这些区块链都会崩塌,不再有价值。密码学主要有两个功能,一是防止数据被不该知道的人知道,二是让别人可以验证数据是真实的。密码学对区块链的作用在于,它为区块链数据不可伪造、不可篡改、可公开验证和隐私保护提供了基础保障。这是区块链的信任之源,价值之泉。密码学是区块链的底层技术,没有密码学就没有区块链,没有密码学支撑的区块链不可能安全。
The innovators of block chains stand on the shoulders of the three giants: computer science, cryptology, game theory, all of which will collapse and no longer be of value if the cryptographic technologies used in block chains are not secure. cryptography has two main functions, one to prevent data from being known to the wrong person, and the other to allow data to be authentic. The role of cryptography with respect to block chains is that it provides a basic guarantee that block chain data are immutable, inexcusable, publicly authenticated and protected by privacy. It is a source of trust in block chains, a spring of value. cryptography is the bottom of a block chain, there is no block chain without cryptography, and it is impossible to secure a block chain without cryptographic support.
区块链上的隐私主要是两个方面。一是身份隐私,主要是账户地址隐私;二是交易单上的数据隐私,尤其是表示虚拟数字资产的数据隐私。有很多密码技术可以解决这两个方面的隐私。而区块链上数据的公开透明可验证和区块链上的数据隐私是两码事,它们不矛盾,是可以用密码技术解决的。采用的密码技术或者它们的组合必须经过精心的专业设计,必须是经过严格逻辑证明的,至少是经过长期实践检验的。正确选择密码技术后还需要正确地实现与正确地使用,否则还是保护不了隐私。密码技术非常消耗计算机资源和网络资源,因此隐私是有代价的。隐私保护的程度和范围要平衡其代价和人们对隐私的实际需求。当然,就目前而言,区块链发展还面临多方面的困境。
There are two main aspects to privacy in the block chain. First, identity privacy, primarily the privacy of the account address; and second, data privacy on the transaction list, especially in the case of virtual digital assets. There are many cryptographic technologies that can address privacy in these two areas.
首先,在认知层面,人们要么把区块链神化或者宗教化,要么把它视为洪水猛兽或者妖魔化。事实上,即使经过了近十年的发展,全球所有公开定价的区块链项目市值之和尚不及一家传统互联网公司的市值。它在技术上、价值增长上都没有想象中那样快。未来还没有来,只有通过踏踏实实地创新与研发区块链底层技术,理解区块链的技术特征与应用场景中痛点之间的关系,然后把区块链与应用结合起来,落地应用,未来才会来。第二,在技术层面,区块链综合了计算机技术、密码学技术和经济学尤其是博弈论方面的技术。很少有一种信息系统像区块链一样需要耦合如此多学科的技术。一个参数的不当设置、一行实现代码的漏洞,轻则导致区块链系统分叉、价值大幅度缩水;重则导致整个系统崩溃、价值归零。所以区块链在技术上还有很长的路要走。
Indeed, even after nearly a decade of development, the market value of all publicly priced block chain projects around the world is not as fast as that of a traditional Internet company. It is not as fast as it can imagine in terms of technology and value growth. There is not yet a future, only by stepping on the ground to innovate with the technology at the bottom of the development block chain, understanding the technical characteristics of the block chain and the pains in the application scene, and then combining it with applications and landing.
第三,在资本层面,区块链发展面临着混乱、焦灼的市场困境。过热的资本尤其是投机性资本的介入,助长了行业的焦虑、浮躁和泡沫。区块链是一个非常复杂的系统,需要极致的深思熟虑。区块链发展需要理性的专业机构投资,他们才有能力和资源去识别和排除虚假区块链项目。第四,在监管政策层面,区块链发展面临相关政策不确定的困境。区块链是一种新的数字经济范式,它的投资和运行方式与传统方式非常不同,往往具有全球性、匿名性,并带有类金融属性,全球各个国家和地区对它的定性、监管政策尚未达成共识。这使得区块链项目的技术团队面临极大的政策风险。目前,在欧美只有少数区块链项目,由具有极高专业水准的研究团队主导,得到专业投资机构的投资,接受当地政策的监管。
Third, at the capital level, the development of block chains faces a chaotic and burning market dilemma. Overheated capital, especially speculative capital, fuels anxiety, rash and bubbles in the industry.
区块链正如互联网其他新技术的早期一样,尚处于混乱、野蛮生长、靠预期支撑估值的泡沫阶段。不出意外,它也会遵循著名的新技术演化曲线,从最初的不为人知,到突然万众瞩目,随后经历人们满怀期望的急剧泡沫阶段,使大多数人的希望落空。伴随着人们的失望,泡沫破灭,区块链逐渐沉寂。少数能支撑广泛应用或者结合重要应用的区块链系统经过大浪淘沙,最终会脱颖而出,展示出新经济范式的活力,甚至成长为全球数字经济基础设施 。(伍前红:北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院教授)?
Block chains, like other new technologies on the Internet, are still in a state of chaos, barbarism, and bubbles that support valuations as expected. Unsurprisingly, they will also follow the famous new technology evolution curves, from the initial unknown to the sudden, dramatic bubble phase, which is filled with expectations, and the hope of most people is dashed.
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