区块链具有防伪造、防篡改、可追溯的技术特性，有利于解决制造业中的设备管理、数据共享、多方信任协作、安全保障等问题，对于提升工业生产效率、降低成本，提升供应链协同水平和效率，以及促进管理创新和业务创新具有重要作用——
Block chains with anti-false, anti-frozen, retrospective technical characteristics that address issues such as equipment management, data sharing, multi-party trust collaboration, safety and security in manufacturing, are important for improving industrial production efficiency, reducing costs, increasing the level of synergies and efficiency in supply chains, and promoting management innovation and business innovation & mdash;
“单点发起，全网广播，交叉验证，共同记账。”从区块链这样的定义中，不难看出其一大特征就是可信任。在浙江大学区块链研究中心主任、信息学部主任、中国工程院院士陈纯看来，未来区块链技术在中国最重要的应用空间其实是工业制造等领域。
& & ldquo; single-point launch, full-web broadcast, cross-checking, joint bookkeeping. & & rdquo; one of the main features of the definition of block chains is trustability. In the view of the Director of the Block Chain Research Centre at Zhejiang University, the Director of the Department of Informatics, and Chen Jun Chen of the Chinese Engineering Institute, the most important applications of future block chain technology in China are industrial manufacturing.
为什么对在金融领域率先应用的区块链技术来说，更广阔的舞台是制造业？工信部信息化和软件服务业司相关负责人接受经济日报记者独家采访时回答说，区块链具有防伪造、防篡改、可追溯的技术特性，有利于解决制造业中的设备管理、数据共享、多方信任协作、安全保障等问题，对于提升工业生产效率、降低成本，提升供应链协同水平和效率，以及促进管理创新和业务创新具有重要作用。
Why is the wider arena of manufacturing the block chain technology that is being used first in the area of finance? In an exclusive interview with the daily Journal of the Economy, the relevant head of the Informationization and Software Services Division of the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology replied that the block chain has technical features that are anti-fake, anti-false, traceable and conducive to issues such as equipment management, data sharing, multi-party trust collaboration, safety and security in manufacturing, and that it plays an important role in improving industrial production efficiency, reducing costs, improving the synergy and efficiency of supply chains, and promoting managerial and business innovation.
融合推动制造业智能化
区块链在制造业能做什么？
What can a block chain do in manufacturing?
举个例子：制造一架飞机需要来自全球的数万个零部件，而区块链技术可以帮助制造商迅速而又准确了解这数万个零部件背后的海量信息。有国际权威报告显示，欧洲飞机制造商空中客车公司已经开始利用区块链技术分析供应商及组件源头，从而有效降低了空客零部件修复的时间与费用。
For example, building an aircraft requires tens of thousands of parts and components from around the globe, and block chain technology can help manufacturers to quickly and accurately understand the amount of information behind the tens of thousands. International authoritative reports indicate that European aircraft manufacturers, Airbus, have begun to use block chain technology to analyse suppliers and sources of components, thereby effectively reducing the time and cost of air passenger spare parts repair.
主要发达国家和经济体也纷纷关注区块链在制造业的应用。《德国联邦政府区块链战略》中鼓励区块链与工业4.0的结合应用，欧盟发布的《区块链现在与未来》中也重点探讨了区块链在制造业中的应用。一些国际巨头企业已经开始布局区块链与制造业结合的应用。
Major developed countries and economies are also focusing on the application of block chains in manufacturing. The German Federal Government’s Block Chain Strategy encourages the application of block chains in conjunction with industry at 4.0, and the EU publication Block Chains Now and the Future focuses on the application of block chains in manufacturing.
工信部信息化和软件服务业司相关负责人也表示，“国内部分企业也已开始探索区块链在制造业领域的应用落地，目前主要应用场景包括防伪溯源、产品全生命周期管理、供应链管理、协同制造等。但总体上看，由于涉及场景较为复杂，目前区块链在制造业领域的应用还处于起步阶段”。
The relevant head of the Division of Informatization and Software Services of the Ministry of Trade and Communications also stated that & ldquo; domestic firms have also begun to explore the location of block chains in the manufacturing sector, and the main applications currently include anti-prosperistic traceability, product life-cycle management, supply chain management, and co-manufacturing. However, overall, owing to the complexity of the scenes involved, the application of block chains in the manufacturing sector is still in the start-up phase & rdquao;
此外，发展区块链，能够促进产融结合，将金融活水引入实体经济，促进大中小企业融通发展。例如，基于区块链技术研发供应链应用解决方案，能够解决供应链上存在的信息孤岛难题，释放核心企业信用到整个供应链条的多级供应商，提升全链条的融资效率，降低业务成本，丰富金融业务场景，从而提高整个供应链上资金运转效率。
Moreover, the development of block chains can facilitate the integration of production, the introduction of living finance into the real economy, and the inclusive development of large and medium-sized enterprises. For example, supply chain-based technology development and supply chain application solutions can solve the information silo problem that exists in the supply chain, free core firms from credit to multi-level suppliers throughout the supply chain, improve the efficiency of financing across the chain, reduce transaction costs and enrich the financial business landscape, thereby increasing the efficiency of financial operations throughout the supply chain.
中国信通院云计算与大数据所所长何宝宏接受记者独家采访时表示，区块链让金融更多支持制造业，主要表现为几个层面。
In an exclusive interview with a journalist, Ho Bao-Hung, Director of the China Information and Communications Technology Institute for cloud computing and big data, it was stated that the block chain increased financial support for manufacturing, mainly at several levels.
一是，分布式账本技术使得非商业机密数据在参与节点均有存储备份，解决了供应链金融业务中的信息孤岛问题；二是，通过在区块链上登记的可流转、可融资的信息，解决了核心企业信用不能向多级供应商传递的问题；三是，在区块链架构下，信息系统可对供应链中参与方的行为进行约束，通过对相关的交易数据整合上链，以佐证贸易行为的真实性；四是，智能合约的加入，在满足执行条件时可自动执行，防范履约风险；五是，区块链技术与供应链的结合，有效解决了供应链上企业“贷款融资难”的问题，实现融资降本增效。
First, distributed booking technology allows for the storage of non-commercial confidential data at participating nodes and solves the problem of information silos in supply chain financial operations; second, the problem of core corporate credit that cannot be transferred to multiple suppliers through the flowable and financingable information registered on the block chain; third, in the block chain structure, information systems can regulate the behaviour of participants in the supply chain by integrating relevant transactional data into the chain to support the authenticity of trade behaviour; fourth, the entry of smart contracts that are self-executing to protect against performance risks when the conditions for implementation are met; fifth, the integration of block chain technology with the supply chain effectively addresses enterprise & ldquao in the supply chain; loan financing difficulties & rdquao; and, second, the question of achieving financial mitigation efficiency gains.
鼓励与管控双管齐下
Encouragement and control in combination
正如硬币的两面，区块链的去中心化及充满变数的不确定性也给监管带来了难题。
As on both sides of the coin, the centralization of the block chain and the uncertainty of variables also pose problems for regulation.
尤其是，一方面，区块链最初应用于比特币领域，导致一些人误认为区块链等同于比特币，在之后的发展过程中，出现了以“区块链”为名进行非法融资、诈骗的现象。
In particular, on the one hand, the initial application of the block chain to the bitcoin area led some to mistakenly assume that the block chain was the same as the bitcoin and, in the subsequent development, there was a phenomenon of illegal financing and fraud in the name of &ldquao; the block chain & rdquao.
“另一方面，区块链上的数据具有难以篡改的特性，对现有的信息安全管理制度带来了挑战，出现了利用区块链传播不良信息的现象。”何宝宏说。
& & ldquo; on the other hand, data on block chains are difficult to tamper with, challenging the existing information security management system and using block chains to disseminate bad information. & rdquo; Ho Ho Ho.
为此，我国主管部门不断探索建设区块链监管体系，及时出台规范措施，优化区块链产业环境，坚决遏制假借区块链技术进行的各类违法违规活动。
To this end, our authorities are constantly exploring the construction of a system of block chain control, putting in place timely regulatory measures to optimize the sector chain industry environment and resolutely curb the various types of violations carried out under the false block chain technology.
2017年9月4日，人民银行发布《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》，将“首次代币发行”（ICO）定义为“一种未经批准非法公开融资的行为，涉嫌非法发售代币票券、非法发行证券以及非法集资、金融诈骗、传销等违法犯罪活动”。公告同时要求，各类代币发行融资活动应当立即停止，已完成代币发行融资的组织和个人应当做出清退等安排。公告发布后，首次代币发行活动在国内已属违法，ICO引发的非法筹资乱象得到有效遏制。
On 4 September 2017, the People’s Bank issued the Proclamation on Protection against the Risk of Financing the Issue of Currency, which defines “ First Issue of Currency & & rdquo; ICO) as “ an unsanctioned act of illegal public financing, suspected of illegal distribution of currency coupons, illegal distribution of securities, illegal collection of funds, financial fraud, distribution, etc.
今年1月10日，国家互联网信息办公室发布《区块链信息服务管理规定》，要求落实区块链信息服务提供者的运营责任，根据《网络安全法》等现行有效法律的规定，对区块链信息服务传播的信息内容进行合规监管；对区块链信息服务及服务提供者进行备案管理，发给备案编号。
On 10 January of this year, the National Internet Information Office issued the Regulation on the Management of Block Chain Information Services, which requires that the operational responsibility of block chain information service providers be enforced and that the content of the information disseminated by block chain information services be regulated in compliance with the provisions of existing laws, such as the Cybersecurity Act; and that the sector chain information services and service providers be kept on file and issued with a filing number.
“借鉴发达国家的经验，我国的监管政策应进一步增强弹性，有效监管与合理引导要并重，积极做好风险管控与鼓励技术创新二者之间的平衡。”何宝宏说。
& & ldquo; Building on the experience of developed countries, our regulatory policy should be more flexible, with effective regulation and rational guidance as well as a balance between active risk management and encouragement of technological innovation. & & rdquao; and Ho Ho.
何宝宏认为，要加强对区块链技术的引导和规范以及对区块链安全风险的研究和分析，密切跟踪发展动态，积极探索发展规律。要探索建立适应区块链技术机制的安全保障体系，引导和推动区块链开发者、平台运营者加强行业自律、落实安全责任。要把依法治网落实到区块链管理中，推动区块链安全有序发展。
He believes that there is a need to strengthen the guidance and regulation of block chain technologies, as well as research and analysis of block chain security risks, closely follow developments and actively explore development patterns. To explore the development of a safety and security system adapted to block chain technical mechanisms, it is important to guide and promote industry self-regulation and security responsibilities on the part of block chain developers and platform operators.
产业应用向多领域拓展
Industrial applications extend to multiple areas
“区块链的应用已从金融领域延伸到实体领域，电子信息存证、版权管理和交易、产品溯源、数字资产交易、物联网、智能制造、供应链管理等领域。”国务院发展研究中心信息中心研究员李广乾告诉记者，区块链技术已开始与实体经济产业深度融合，形成一批“产业区块链”项目，迎来产业区块链“百花齐放”的大时代。
& ldquo; The application of block chains has been extended from the financial field to the physical area, e-information record-keeping, copyright management and trading, product traceability, digital asset trading, material networking, smart manufacturing, supply chain management, etc. & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &, & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &, & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &, & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; & & & & & & ; & & & & & & & &, & & & &, & & & &, & & & & & & & &, & &, & & & & & &, & & & & & & & & & & &,, & & & & & & & & & & &
比如，电商企业通过开放区块链服务平台，帮助企业部署商品防伪追溯，已广泛应用于奶粉、保健品、大米等产品。2018年“双11”，通过区块链实现了来自上百个国家和地区的超过1.5亿件商品的溯源。
For example, through the Open Block Chain service platform, electronics companies have helped companies deploy goods against forgery, which has been widely applied to products such as milk powder, health products, rice, etc. & & ldquao; double 11 & rdquao; over 150 million commodities from hundreds of countries and regions have been traced through the Block Chain.
电子票据管理也在逐步推广。2018年，深圳市试点推出基于区块链的电子发票。目前，深圳地铁、出租车、机场大巴等交通场景已正式上线基于区块链的电子发票，超过5300家企业注册使用，累计开票数量超过800万张。
Electronic paper management is also being introduced. In 2018, Shenzhen piloted the introduction of block-based electronic invoices. At present, traffic scenes such as Shenzhen subway, taxis, airport buses, etc. are officially online, based on block-chain electronic invoices, with more than 5,300 businesses registered for use, with a cumulative bill opening of more than 8 million.
但是要让区块链真正广泛落地还需要构建完善的标准体系。我国区块链技术应用正处在积极探索阶段，各行业和场景中的解决方案大多尚处于研发或小范围应用试验阶段。目前行业用户对区块链的认识尚缺乏共识，技术路径的分歧也使得有限的研发力量得不到有效集中，无法满足区块链应用开发市场的需求。
There is currently a lack of consensus among industry users on block chains, as well as differences in technological pathways that prevent limited R & D capacity from being effectively concentrated to meet the needs of the market for the development of block chains.
据工信部信息化和软件服务业司相关负责人介绍，目前，我国区块链标准体系初步建立，标准研制稳步推进。在参考架构、数据、安全与隐私保护等方面，已发布多项团体标准，《区块链参考架构》国家标准和近10项行业标准立项。全国区块链和分布式记账技术标准化委员会获批筹建。
According to the relevant head of the Department of Informatization and Software Services of the Ministry of Information and Communications, the system of standards standards for block chains is currently in place and is progressing steadily. In terms of reference architecture, data, security and privacy protection, a number of group standards have been issued, the Block Chain Reference Framework national standards and nearly 10 industry standards have been created. The National Commission for Technical Standardization of Block Chains and Distributed Accounting has been approved.
对于区块链技术的前景，业内普遍看好。李广乾就表示：“我国区块链产业链条正在加快形成，从上游的硬件制造、平台服务、安全服务，到下游的产业技术应用服务，到保障产业发展的行业投融资、媒体、人才服务，各领域的企业已经基本完备，协同有序，共同推动产业不断前进。”
The outlook for block chain technology is generally good. Li Guangqiang says: & ldquo; our block chain industry chain is fast-paced from upstream hardware manufacturing, platform services, safety services, downstream industrial technology application services, to industry financing, media, and talent services that guarantee industrial development, and enterprises in various fields are largely well developed, coordinated and working together to drive the industry forward. & rdquo;
值得注意的是，区块链技术也不能单兵突进。何宝宏就认为，区块链技术和应用的发展需要人工智能、云计算、大数据、物联网等新一代信息技术作为基础设施支撑。同时，新一代信息技术的融合，也将催生出更多的新业态、新模式，加快促进区块链应用落地。（经济日报·中国经济网记者 黄 鑫）
It is worth noting that block chain technology is not going to jump in one by one. Ho believes that the development of block chain technology and applications requires new-generation information technology, such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data, and material networking, to support infrastructure.
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