以太经典是一个运行智能合约的去中心化平台:可以完全按照编程方式运行的应用程序,而不会造成停机,审查或第三方干扰的任何可能性。以太坊经典由加密货币(ETC),区块链分类帐以及在其之上运行的应用程序和服务生态系统组成。简而言之,以太经典提供了一种无需中介机构(例如银行和其他金融机构)即可管理数字资产的方法。ETC允许编写,部署和执行不可审查的智能合约;它实现了真正不可阻挡的可编程资金。以太经典是原始非分支以太坊(ETH)链的延续,并存在以保留``代码就是法律''的原则。
The Classic is made up of encrypted currency (ETC), block-chain ledgers, and applications and service ecosystems operating on them. In short, it provides a method of managing digital assets without intermediaries (e.g. banks and other financial institutions). ETC allows the development, deployment and enforcement of uncensorable smart contracts; it achieves a truly unstoppable programming fund. It is a continuation of the original non-branch (ETH) chain with `the code #39; #39; principles.
以太经典始于一个不幸的事件。2016年5月,去中心化自治组织(DAO)举行了一次代币销售,目标是建立一个基于区块链的风险投资,以资助Ethereum生态系统内未来的去中心化应用(DApps)。
In May 2016, the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) held a token sale with the objective of creating a risk investment based on the block chain to finance future decentralisation applications in the ecosystem (Dapps) Etheeum.
基本上,DAO是一个去中心化方式运作的复杂的智能合约–当条件满足时自动在多方之间执行任务的计算机代码。尽管其有着雄心勃勃的目标以及成功的代币销售,DAO的代码却有一个重大漏洞,使得攻击者可以从去中心化组织中窃取ETH。
Essentially, DAO is a complex, decentralised smart contract – a computer code that automatically operates between multiples when conditions are met. Despite its ambitious objectives and successful currency sales, DAO code has a major gap that allows the attackers to steal ETH from the decentralised organization.
攻击者在2016年6月利用这一漏洞,引发了臭名昭着的DAO黑客事件,恶意窃取了大约价值5000万美元的ETH。毋庸置疑,DAO黑客事件曾震惊了Ethereum社区,也使得ETH价格从20美元跌至13美元。
The attackers exploited this gap in June 2016, triggering an infamous DAO hacking incident, which led to the malicious theft of some $50 million worth of ETH. The DAO hacking, undoubtedly, shocked the community of Etheum and caused the price of ETH to fall from $20 to $13.
在DAO黑客事件发生后,Ethereum社区不得不从三个选项中选择:
After the DAO hacker incident, the Etherum community had to choose from three options: .
什么都不做,努力承受攻击带来的后果;
Do nothing and try to withstand the consequences of the attack;
启动软分叉,收回资金;
Initiation of soft fork and recovery of funds;
部署一个硬分叉来恢复丢失的ETH。
Deployment of a hard fork to restore lost ETH.
软分叉和硬分叉都是重大的网络升级。然而,软分叉允许未升级的用户和升级后的用户相互交流,而硬分叉则不能向后兼容以前的版本。由于开发人员意识到部署软分叉会使网络受到分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击,Ethereum社区决定发起硬分叉,以恢复在DAO黑客攻击中损失的资金。
The soft fork and the hard fork are major network upgrades. However, the soft fork allows unupgraded users to communicate with each other, while the hard fork does not fit backwards with the previous version.
虽然这一方案得到了大多数人的支持,但Ethereum社区中的一小部分人却表示反对,他们认为 “代码即律法”,区块链网络应该是不可改变的。由于双方未能在解决方案上达成一致,最终导致了Ethereum区块链的分裂。
Although this programme was supported by the majority, a small part of the Etheum community objected that the “code is the law” and that the network of blocks should be unaltered. The failure of the two sides to agree on a solution ultimately led to the fragmentation of the Etheum block chain.
那些试图找回丢失的ETH的人选择了硬分叉,开启了我们今天所熟知的Ethereum(ETH)区块链,而另一群人则留在了最初的Ethereum Classic(ETC)链上。因此新链命名为ETH,就是现在加密货币排名第2的以太坊;只有一小部分矿工坚持原链。原链失去了以太坊的名字,改名以太经典(ETC)。
Those who tried to retrieve the lost ETH chose a hard fork, opening the chain of Etheeum (ETH) blocks that we know today, while another group left behind on the original Etheeum Classic (ETC) chain. So the new chain is named ETH, now the Etha 2 of the encrypted currency; only a small number of miners stick to the original chain. The original chain lost its name in Taihu and changed its name to classic (ETC).
以太坊和以太经典,从名字上来看就非常相似,也被戏称为“大姨太”和“二姨太”,那么谈到两者的关系,就一定会提到著名的 THE DAO 攻击事件。
The Etherium and the Ether Classic are very similar in name, and are also known as the Great Aunts and the Second Aunts, so when it comes to the relationship between the two, there must be a reference to the famous THE DAO attack.
首先,以太坊作为市值排名第二的数字货币,是大家都比较熟悉的项目了。我们可以把以太坊当成一个操作系统(类比于windows、安卓系统),那么基于这个系统或者说基于这个平台就可以开发很多的应用。
First, the second-highest digital currency in the market is a project that everyone is familiar with. We can use it as an operating system (like windows, Andres), so that many applications can be developed on the basis of this system or on the basis of this platform.
2016年6月,在以太坊上面上线了一个叫做 THE DAO 的明星项目,这个项目在28天的众筹中一共募了1200万个以太坊,当时的价值超过1.5亿美金。但是黑客利用智能合约的漏洞转移了 360 万个以太坊(当时价值约5000万美金)
In June 2016, a star project called THE DAO was launched on Etheria, which raised 12 million ethers in 28 days, worth more than $150 million at the time. But hackers took advantage of smart contract loopholes to transfer 3.6 million ethers (about $50 million at the time).
THE DAO 被攻击之后,黑客是不能马上转走这笔资产的,需要经过28天的等待期。所以以太坊创始人V神提出以软分叉的方案解决这次事件。软分叉方案取得了矿工们的投票同意,最终通过之后,以太坊就发布了软分叉版本。但是这个版本又一次出现了漏洞。
After the attack on THE DAO, hackers were unable to transfer the assets immediately, after a 28-day waiting period. So a soft-fork solution was proposed by the founder V. The soft-fork solution. The soft-fork solution was approved by the miners, and the soft-fork version was released by the fork.
软分叉的原理是,矿工会验证以太坊的每一笔交易是否和 THE DAO 智能合约的地址相关,如果是相关的就拒绝这笔交易,所以其目的是为了来阻止黑客提现,这个方法可以避免回滚。逻辑上都是讲得通的,但是它没有收取交易的手续费,所以导致有人可以零成本发起大量交易,导致以太坊网络瘫痪。最终软分叉版本宣告失败,所以只能进行硬分叉。
The principle behind the soft fork is that the mining union verifies whether each transaction in Ether is related to the address of the THE DAO smart contract and, if so, rejects the deal, so the aim is to prevent the hacking of cash, so that this method can avoid rolling back. Logically speaking, it does not charge the transaction fees, so that people can start a large number of transactions at zero cost, paralyzing the Ethernet.
硬分叉同样需要矿工们投票,有大约450万以太坊参与了投票,近90%同意硬分叉,程序设定1920000个区块进行切换。2016年7月20日,1920000区块产生,THE DAO 合约里面所有的资金被转移到新的合约,这个新合约只有一个功能,退回所有 THE DAO 参与人的以太坊。而 THE DAO 这个项目也就终结了。
The hard fork also requires a vote by miners, with approximately 4.5 million Ethers voting, and nearly 90% agreeing to the hard fork, with 192,000 blocks programmed for switching. On July 20, 2016, 192,000 blocks were created, and all funds in the THE DAO contract were transferred to a new contract, which has only one function and is returned to all THE DAO participants, and the THE DAO project is closed.
当时硬分叉投票的时候,有大约10%的旷工反对硬分叉,他们认为硬分叉是为了一己私利篡改了代码,严重违反了区块链去中心化和不可篡改的精神,他们选择继续维持着旧链的算力,因此以太坊的原链也存活了下来。随后,P网支持了旧版的以太坊,代号为ETC,以太坊原链被称为以太经典。而以太坊和以太经典也代表了新旧社群的两种共识和价值观。
At the time of the hard fork vote, about 10% of the layoffs opposed the hard fork, arguing that the hard fork had been tampering with the code for their own self-interest, in serious violation of the spirit of block chain decentralisation and immutableness, and that they had chosen to maintain the arithmetic of the old chain, so that the old Ether's original chain had survived. Then, the PNet supported the old version of the Etheria, known as the EtC, which was called the Tether Classic.
老猫猫叔分享过当年云币在这次分叉中因为没有想到会有 ETC 出现,被重放攻击,结果损失了几万个 ETC。
old cat uncle shared the currency of that year during this break-off, which resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of ETCs.
1、以太坊和以太经典目前采用的算法均为EtHash,当前的共识机制都是POW,但是以太坊表示未来将转向POS;而以太经典则表明,将永远是POW机制。
The algorithms currently used by Ether and Ether are both EtHash, and the current consensus mechanism is Pow, but the Taiteng indicates that the future will be turned to POS; and the Ether has shown that it will always be the Pow mechanism.
2、不同于以太坊处于持续增发,以太经典最后的发行总量不会超过2.3亿。2017年12月,以太经典达到 5,000,000 区块高度,正式减产 20%,据 ECIP-1017 规则,以太经典以后每隔五百万个区块都将减产20%,每500万区块时间大约是2.38年。
Unlike Etheria, which is growing steadily, the final volume of distribution will not exceed 230 million. In December 2017, it reached a height of 5,000,000 blocks with a formal reduction of 20 per cent, and according to ECIP-1017, every 5 million blocks will be reduced by 20 per cent, approximately 2.38 per 5 million blocks.
3、以太经典还有一个“末日战车”的称号,这是指当以太经典开始大涨,就证明整个市场会迎来暴跌。当然这一点只是大家根据过去的走势而产生的一个判断,不存在什么理论依据,也不能足以作为我们判断趋势的标准。
Three, the Etherics also have the title of the Apocalypse, which means that when the Etherics begin to rise, the whole market will fall. This is, of course, a judgement that, based on past trends, does not have any theoretical basis, nor is it sufficient for us to judge trends.
ETH和ETC原本是基本一致的,它们的初始差别,就是认不认黑客盗的那一部分币,dapp在两者之间可以无障碍地迁移。然而随着两者的发展,它们开始有了不同:
The original difference between ETH and ETC, which were essentially identical, was the part of the currency that did not recognize hackers, and dapps moved in an accessible way between them. However, as they developed, they started to differ:
共识的不同:以太坊正在从POW共识转为POS共识;而ETC将永远保持POW机制。
The consensus is different: the Etherpan is moving from a Pow consensus to a POS consensus; and the ETC will always maintain the Pow mechanism.
增量的不同:以太坊的总供应量一直在增加,大概每年增加10%;而ETC从2017年12月后,就成了减半币:每500万个区块减产20%。
The increase varies: the total supply of the Etheria has been increasing, by about 10 per cent per year, while the ETC has been reduced by half since December 2017: 20 per cent for every 5 million blocks.
如果把万物看作一条条区块链,很多事物已经经历了多次分叉,已经看不到原链的模样。“老公”,原本的意思是太监,一点也不妨碍现代女性用它称呼自己的丈夫;双十一,原本不在节日序列,可它硬生生分叉出来,成为影响力最大的节日之一;ETC才是真正的以太坊,可很多用着以太坊的人听都没听过它。这就是共识:在人文世界,本来是什么不重要,大多数承认的就是真理。
If you see everything as a chain of blocks, many things have gone through multiple forks and no trace of the original chain. The original meaning of the term “husband” is that eunuchs do not in any way prevent a modern woman from using it as her husband; the double 11, which was not part of the holiday sequence, is born into one of the most influential festivals; and the ETC is the real Etheria, but many of the people who use it have not heard it. That is the consensus: in the human world, what is not important, most of the admitted is the truth.
以太经典和以太坊的代码、功能基本是相同的。但是对比以太坊,以太经典无论是开发者社区、平台的应用生态、还是说价格、市值,都没有任何优势。
The codes and functions of the Ether and Etherms are basically the same. But compared to Ethers, there is no advantage in the Etherms, whether they are the developers’ communities, the platform’s application ecology, or the price, or the market value.
以太经典尽管目前的市值排名处于第16位,但是我们并不知道它能干吗,未来的想象空间也十分有限,甚至于除了末日战车这个偏娱乐的话题,看不到任何可以炒作的点。随着新的优质项目起来(比如像阿童木这样一下子空降前20)又或者是实力强劲的项目一举爆发(比如BNB先是跻身前20,又一举排到前10),未来以太经市值排名下滑是大概率事件。
With new high-quality projects (e.g. 20 before Akio drops in air) or powerful ones (e.g. 尽管以太经典才是以太坊的原链,但是社区的大部分人支持这条被修改过的、回滚的新链,所以这条新链就是以太坊,以太经典甚至都拿不到名字。这也是给予我们最大的启发:价格/市值是价值的体现,价值来源于包括开发者、旷工、用户在内的参与者,来源于生态中大部分参与者的共识。在区块链的世界里,真理就是掌握在大部分人的手中。 Although Ether is the original chain, most of the community supports this new, modified, rolling chain, so the new chain is Ether, which is not even famous. It is also our greatest inspiration: the price/market value is the expression of value, from the participants, including developers, layoffs, users, and from the consensus of most of the participants in the ecology. In the world of the chain, the truth is in the hands of most people.
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