传媒观察 ｜ 中国数字劳动10年研究的核心议题与知识图谱

近10年来，中国数字劳动研究与平台经济的兴起与发展高度关联。一方面，平台经济孕育出全新的经济结构与社会-文化形态；另一方面，平台经济中技术逻辑、资本逻辑和政策逻辑相互渗透与交叠，为数字劳动研究带来大量颇具现实紧迫性的议题。

Over the past 10 years, China’s digital labour research has been highly correlated with the growth and development of the platform’s economy. On the one hand, the platform’s economy has produced a new economic structure and socio-cultural patterns; on the other hand, the platform’s economy’s technological, capital and policy logic have permeated and overlapped, bringing a great deal of practical and pressing issues to the research of digital labour.

本文旨在从传播政治经济学的理论视角出发，以平台经济的兴起与发展为时间轴，回顾和总结中国数字劳动研究近10年来的核心议题，聚焦不同产业、不同类型数字劳动者在劳动过程、劳动控制、劳动主体性等方面的变化，剖析与阐述资本、劳动与技术之间错综复杂的关系。同时，本文立足本土社会语境，将数字劳动与性别、社会关系和情感紧密联系在一起，致力于揭示出其背后的多重权力关系，进而全景式展现该研究领域的知识图谱，以期为后续研究者提供参考与借鉴。

From a theoretical point of view on the dissemination of political economics, this paper aims to focus on the emergence and development of the platform’s economy, to review and summarize the core issues of digital labour research in China over the past 10 years, to focus on changes in labour processes, labour control, and labour subjectivity in different industries and types of digital workers, and to analyse and describe the complex relationship between capital, labour, and technology. At the same time, it aims to link digital labour closely to gender, social relations, and emotions, building on the local social context, and to shed light on the multiple power relationships behind it, and to present a comprehensive picture of the knowledge map of the field in order to inform and inform the follow-up studies.

思考与探索：资本、劳动与技术的多元动态关系

Thinking and Exploring: The Plural Dynamic Relationship between Capital, Labour and Technology

数字技术和ICTs推动着整个社会的平台化进程。尤其是2013年12月以来，工信部先后发布了4G商用牌照和5G商用牌照，极大扩展了移动通信网络的容量，为平台经济勾连多边市场提供了更加高速、稳定的连接力。

Digital technology and ICTs drive the process of forming a platform for society as a whole. In particular, since December 2013, the Ministry of Trade and Communications has issued four-G and five-G commercial licences, significantly expanding the capacity of mobile communication networks and providing the platform’s economy with more high-speed and stable connectivity to multilateral markets.

新的经济形态带来了新的劳动议题。一方面，平台以“灵活就业”和“自主劳动”为口号吸纳大批就业主体，在缓解结构性就业矛盾、推进产业升级，以及实现社会资源最优化配置等方面发挥着不可替代的作用；另一方面，大部分劳动者不与平台或者平台雇主签订固定期限的劳动合同，这也就意味着在平台经济中，灵活用工方式替代了长期固定的劳动力雇佣模式，平台劳动者成为了临时工人（temporary workers）或随时可被替代的待命工人（on-call workers）。

On the one hand, the platform, under the slogans of “flexible employment” and “free labour”, has an irreplaceable role to play in alleviating structural employment contradictions, promoting industrial upgrading and optimizing the allocation of social resources; on the other hand, the fact that most workers do not enter into fixed-term labour contracts with platform or platform employers means that in the platform economy, flexible forms of work have replaced long-term fixed patterns of labour employment, and platform workers have become temporary workers (on-call workers) or standby workers ready to be replaced (on-call workers).

他们对自己的未来充满了强烈的不确定性：一方面，他们的职业身份变得不稳定；另一方面，他们极易陷入无底薪和收入微薄、工作时间不规律、缺乏福利保障和有效社交支持的现实困境之中。在检视这些现实困境及其成因以及探讨解决方法与路径方面，不少数字劳动研究者聚焦数字劳动的劳动过程、劳动控制、劳动主体性、劳动实践与技术的关系等重要面向，展开了大量前沿性的研究，致力于透视并揭示出资本、劳动与技术之间的多维张力，展现了宽阔的学术视野与深厚的社会关切。

They are highly uncertain about their future: on the one hand, their professional status has become unstable; on the other hand, they are vulnerable to a real dilemma of low salaries and incomes, irregular working hours, lack of welfare guarantees and effective social support. In examining these realities and their causes, as well as exploring solutions and pathways, a number of digital researchers have focused on the important orientations of the digital labour process, labour control, subjectivity, labour practices and technology, and have conducted a large number of cutting-edge studies aimed at perceiving and revealing the multi-dimensional tensions between capital, labour and technology, showing broad academic perspectives and deep social concerns.

（一）劳动过程中的劳动控制与劳动主体性

(i) Labour control and subject matter in the labour process

在马克思看来，控制是劳动过程中的基本问题。在平台经济中，对劳动控制的力量来自资本和技术的合力。李彪认为，新经济与新技术之间的“合谋”使平台变身为资本与权力再生产的商业化场域，成为资本逐利与权力控制的“数字围场”。在这个“围场”中，资本与技术为平台劳动者编织了一张绵密的劳动控制之网。一方面，平台用以算法为核心的新技术体系替代了传统的监管体系，有效地对平台劳动者的劳动过程实施数据化、系统化、非人格化和隐匿化的控制；另一方面，平台劳动者大多被深深“困在系统”中而无法自拔，同时面临着工作内容同质化、工作状态内卷化、社会关系原子化、社会地位边缘化的威胁。

In Marx's view, control is a fundamental issue in the labour process. In the platform's economy, the power of labour control comes from a combination of capital and technology. Li Piao believes that the “conspiracy” between the new economy and new technologies transforms the platform into a commercialized field of capital and power reproduction, a “digital fence” of capital and power control. In this “circumstance”, capital and technology create a dense network of labour control for platform workers. On the one hand, the platform uses algorithms to replace the traditional regulatory system with new technological systems that effectively control the dataization, systematization, de-personalization and concealment of the labour processes of platform workers. On the other hand, platform workers are largely “scarred into the system” and face the threat of the homogenization of work content, the internalization of work, the atomicization of social relations, and the marginalization of social status.

在劳动控制方面，比较有代表性的研究包括：梁萌对家政人员用工模式中“强控制”的研究，孙萍和陈玉洁、帅满和关佳佳等对快递员劳动过程中“分类控制”的研究，赵磊和韩玥对网约车平台中“科层控制”的研究，以及郑广怀、范一杰和杜思齐对网络直播平台中资本从个体控制到整体控制、从确定性控制到不确定性控制变化过程的研究。此外，在服务业中，平台通过建构“声誉信任体制”（也被称作“消费者评分机制”）将其对劳动过程的监控权转化为消费者对劳动者的直接监督。

In the area of labour control, the more representative studies include: the study by Liang Ming of “strong control” in the pattern of domestic workers, the study by Sun Bin and Chen Yujie, handsome and Guan Jia Qing of “classification control” of courier labour, the study by Zhao and Han Xing of “scientific control” in the Cyberbus platform, and the study by Cheng Guanghua, Van Jing and Duce of capital from individual control to overall control, from certainty control to uncertainty control change. In addition, in the service sector, the platform transformed its monitoring of the labour process through the construction of a “reputation trust system” (also known as the “consumer rating mechanism”) into direct supervision by consumers of workers.

有学者进一步阐述：平台的垄断地位强化了平台对劳动者身体与心灵的控制，因此平台日益成为劳动者进行自我规训和自我控制的场域。这导致劳资关系的极度失衡。

It has been further argued that the monopoly of the platform strengthens its control over the body and mind of the worker, and thus the platform is increasingly becoming a field of self-regulation and self-control for the worker. This has led to a profound imbalance in labour relations.

在此背景下，不少学者将平台劳动者对资本的抗争与抵制带入公众视野，这赋予了数字劳动研究新的价值与使命。在邱林川看来，平台是资本的场域、剥削劳动者的场域，更是社会的场域和抵抗的场域。相关研究不仅关注劳动者抗争与抵制行为及其背后的动因，更强调平台劳动者不是技术管理与规训的参与者，也不是自我剥削的主体，更不是在“垄断互联网平台和精密性算法管理下，高度同质化、被抹平了群体多元属性的劳动者”。

In this context, many scholars bring to the public’s attention the opposition and resistance of platform workers to capital, which gives new value and mission to digital labour research. In the view of Kyushu, the platform is the domain of capital, of exploitation of workers, and, above all, of society. The study focuses not only on workers’ resistance and resistance, but also on the motivation behind it, and emphasizes that platform workers are not part of technical management and discipline, nor are they the subjects of self-exploitation, nor are they highly homogenous workers who, under monopolized Internet platforms and sophisticated algorithms, have been wiped out of their diverse identities.

在他们之中，既有“网络化抵抗”的组织者与实践者，又有“平台合作主义”（platform cooperativism）的倡导者与建构者。更有学者超越了数字劳动“控制／抵抗”的二元对立框架，将平台劳动者视为“制造和寻求意义”的复杂主体，而他们的抗争与抵制行为被视作是一种“超越技术层面的共同的生计斗争”。

Among them are organizers and practitioners of “networked resistance” and advocates and architects of “platform cooperativeism.” More scholars go beyond the binary framework of digital labor “control/resistance” to view platform workers as complex subjects of “manufacturing and seeking meaning” and their resistance and resistance is seen as a “joint livelihood struggle that transcends technology”.

（二）劳动实践与技术的有机联系

(ii) Organic linkages between labour practices and technology

数字劳动研究者长期关注劳动实践与技术的关系，尤其深入考察和检视作为“技术物”的平台和劳动实践之间的有机联系，关注平台作为一种结构性的力量，与现实社会相互建构、相互选择、相互渗透的过程。

Digital labour researchers have long been concerned with the relationship between labour practices and technology, in particular the in-depth examination and examination of the organic links between the platform as a “technical object” and labour practices, and with the process of building, choosing and permeating the platform as a structural force with the real society.

部分学者将对劳动实践与技术关系的讨论与基础设施研究紧密联系起来。例如，束开荣将互联网视为构建和组织社会的物质基底与权力装置。丁未从“人作为基础设施”（people as infrastructure）的视角出发，将数字劳动看作是“活的劳动”对数字化基础设施的“反演”（inversion），并揭示出另类数字劳动是一个劳动者被贬值、而平台技术及背后的资本被赋值的过程。孙萍、李云帆和吴俊燊将基础设施进一步具象化为“作为劳动的身体”，颇具启发性地提出：劳动者的身体既是工具化的肉身，又是商业化的数据来源，更是能动的、充满反抗精神的关系性身体。毫无疑问，这些研究很大程度上拓展了数字劳动概念的外延，使数字劳动研究更具开放性和包容性，同时能够持续激发学者对数字劳动的双重属性（即物质性和社会性）展开深层的审视与反思。

Some scholars will closely link the discussion of the relationship between labour practice and technology to infrastructure research. For example, the Internet is being viewed as a material foundation and power device for the construction and organization of society. From the perspective of “people as infrastructure” (people as infrastructure), Ding’s work is not seen as “inversion” to digital infrastructure by “living labour” and reveals that alternative digital labour is a process in which workers are devalued and platform technology and underlying capital is valued.

立足本土语境：数字劳动与性别、社会关系和情感

Based on local context: digital labour and gender, social relations and emotions

平台经济形态和用工模式对劳动概念的解构与重置，使得传统劳动理论在解释众多现实问题的过程中不断面临掣肘。在此背景下，数字劳动研究者从中国的本土社会语境出发，将性别、社会关系与情感等诸多要素纳入数字劳动研究中，并尝试揭示出上述要素与劳动之间的复杂关系，及其背后的政治经济权力结构与社会文化意涵。

In this context, digital labour researchers, taking into account China’s indigenous social context, have incorporated elements of gender, social relations, and emotions into their digital labour studies, and have tried to reveal the complex relationship between these elements and labour, and the political and economic power structures and socio-cultural implications behind them.

（一）区隔与融合：平台场景下的性别展演

(i) Disparity and integration: a gender show at the platform scene

苏熠慧认为，马克思主义政治经济学的劳动过程理论和劳动社会学的阶级形成理论都忽略了劳动中的性别问题。直到近年来，一批学者围绕着新型劳动形式，如“照料劳动”（care labour）和“审美劳动”（aesthetic labour）中性别与职业的关系展开了大量有思想、有温度、有品质的研究，不仅弥补了数字劳动研究中的“性别盲点”，更使性别研究成为数字劳动研究新的学术增长点。

According to Su, the theory of labour processes in Marxist political economics and the theory of class formation in labour sociology ignores gender issues in labour. Until recently, a group of scholars have conducted a great deal of intellectual, temperature, and quality research on the relationship between gender and occupation in new forms of labour, such as care and aesthetic work, not only to compensate for the “gender blindness” in digital labour research, but also to make gender research a new academic growth point in digital labour research.

在平台经济中，传统家庭中从事非生产性劳动的女性得以参与到社会生产中，月嫂、家政工、护工等以女性为主的职业被置于平台的整合机制之下。蓝佩嘉提出，在照料劳动中，女性气质被资本“圈养”，这一方面与资本对女性劳动者身体的剥削与规训密不可分，另一方面女性气质成为了劳动价值的重要源泉。李晓菁和刘爱玉更是从中国传统文化伦理、性别文化、职业特点和具体劳动过程之间的相互作用和彼此建构的视角切入，对女性气质与照料劳动两者之间的关系进行了全面且深刻的省思。同时，她们强调，对女性气质与照料劳动情境化的反思不能忽视服务业在当下中国迅猛发展这一重要的时代背景。

In the platform economy, women engaged in unproductive work in traditional households are able to participate in social production, and female-dominated occupations, such as women’s sister-in-law, domestic workers, carers, etc., are placed under the umbrella of the platform’s integration mechanism. Rampeja argues that in caring for work, women’s temperament is “circumsed” by capital, which is inextricably linked to the exploitation of the body of women workers by capital, and that women’s temperament is an important source of labour value. Li Xiaojun and Liu Ayyu have been drawn from the interaction and mutual understanding of China’s traditional cultural ethics, gender culture, occupational characteristics, and specific labour processes, with comprehensive and deep provincial thinking about the relationship between women’s temperament and care work.

平台经济中另一种与性别高度相关的常见劳动形式是“审美劳动”。相较于传统家务劳动，审美劳动与零售、休闲和时尚类服务有着千丝万缕的联系。

Another common form of labour in the platform economy that is highly gender-related is “articulation”. Compared to traditional domestic work, aesthetic work is inextricably linked to retail, leisure and fashion services.

不少本土学者以平台审美劳动为研究旨趣，围绕着团课教练、网络主播、游戏陪练等具有鲜明性别气质的新兴职业群体展开了大量开拓性的实证研究。例如，牛天长期关注女性团课教练。在与女性团课教练的访谈中，她发现：平台深谙大众对于形体审美的诉求和消费欲望，通过前置身体景观、挖掘性别特质来快速匹配不同群体的消费诉求。在对网络主播和游戏陪练这两类审美劳动的转型与实践研究中，吴鼎铭和朱燕钦敏锐地洞察到：平台中的审美劳动不仅呈现出劳动身体的符号化、审美取向的下沉化、劳动时间的全时化与生产空间的全景化等特征，而且它以更为隐蔽且有力的方式延长了劳动者的劳动时间、增加了劳动者的劳动强度，加速劳动者身体的工具化与商品化进程。

In an interview with a female faculty coach, she found that the platform was familiar with the demands and desires of the general public for aesthetics and quickly matched the consumption demands of different groups by pre-sophisticating the physical landscape and exploiting gender features. In its study of the transition and practice of the two types of aesthetics, such as webmasters, network anchors, and games tutoring, U and Zhu Yin were keen to see that the beauty work in the platform was not only symbolic, substantiated, full-timeized and full-time in the production space, but also in a more subtle and powerful way prolonged the labor hours of the workers, increased the labour intensity of the workers and accelerated the process of instrumentalization and commodification of the workers'bodies.

有趣的是，在平台场景下的性别展演研究中，学者们细致地观察到职业中的“反向性别选择”正在变得越来越普遍。孙萍、赵宇超和张仟煜基于对外卖女骑手的田野调查发现：女性外卖骑手一方面通过“去性别化”的策略来形塑工作中的合法身份，另一方面她们特别注重盘活性别身份及优势，借助弱者气质来调度各类资源。吴璟薇和张雅迪在关于自媒体爸爸博主的分析中强调，父亲在育儿过程中的感性关怀、幽默睿智、科学消费等自我呈现，构建出不同于传统性别秩序规训之下的“硬汉式”父职形象。因此，两位学者提出：审视在传统性别分工中被边缘化的父职有助于打破性别气质和社会分工的迷思，进而推进家庭内的性别平等。

Interestingly, in a gender exhibition study at the platform, scholars carefully observed that “reverse gender selection” in the profession is becoming more common. The field surveys of Sun Ping, Zhao Woo-hyo, and Zhang Yu, based on the sale of female jockeys abroad, found that while women take-out jockeys shape legal identities in their work through a “de-gendering” strategy, they focus on gender identity and strengths, using the temperament of the weak to mobilize resources. In their analysis of the self-profiling of fathers in the process of child-rearing, humor, scientific consumption, etc., two scholars argue that looking at the role of father, which is marginalized in the traditional gender division of labour, helps to break down the myths of gender identity and social division of labour, thereby promoting gender equality in the family.

（二）亲密与疏离：数字劳动中的社会关系建构

(ii) Intimacy and alienation: the construction of social relations in the digital labour force

数字劳动研究者关注平台、劳动者和消费者之间错综复杂的社会关系，及其涉及的关系控制、亲密关系、媒介化交往等重要问题。这些社会关系具体包括三个方面，即平台与劳动者的关系、劳动者与消费者的关系、劳动者内部的关系。

Digital labor researchers are concerned with the complex social relationships between the platform, workers and consumers, and their implications for key issues such as relationship control, intimacy, media relations, etc. These social relations specifically include three aspects, namely, the platform’s relationship with workers, the worker’s relationship with consumers, and the worker’s internal relationship.

首先，在平台与劳动者的关系方面，“关系控制”成为了除技术控制和组织控制（或科层控制）之外的第三种控制方式。帅满在对中国11个省份20家快递公司快递员的深度访谈与个案研究的基础上发现：快递员劳动过程中的关系控制是一种“双重控制”机制——既包括关系使用，又包括关系经营。在关系使用方面，先于工作现场的既有关系被带入工作场域，成为资方维持秩序的工具；在关系经营方面，劳资双方通过交往形成超越雇佣关系、内含情感成分的混合性关系。这种混合性关系对于塑造与强化劳资之间的信任十分重要。有了这份信任，资方或管理者可以更便捷和高效地与快递员进行工作沟通，激发他们的工作热情；同时，快递员更容易产生对快递公司或加盟商的认同感与归属感，从而维持快件的安全和片区的顺畅运转。

First, in terms of the platform’s relationship with workers, “relationship control” has become the third type of control other than technical control and organizational control (or hierarchical control). In terms of relationship management, it has been found, based on in-depth interviews and case studies with couriers from 20 couriers in 11 provinces of China, that relationship control is a “dual control” mechanism – both for the use of relationships and for the management of relationships. In terms of the use of relationships, pre-work-site relationships have been brought into the work field and become instruments for the management of order.

其次，在劳动者与消费者的关系方面，研究者们聚焦数字劳动中的亲密关系何以被制造这一关键议题。以网络直播行业为例，顾烨烨和莫少群的研究发现，主播与观众之间存在商品化的亲密关系，主播通过“一对多”的亲友式关系和“一对一”的暧昧式关系来掌控与观众的亲密距离。在完成亲密关系的建构之后，平台和主播通过等级赋分、打赏和竞赛仪式三种方式来实现亲密关系的变现。

Secondly, with respect to the relationship between workers and consumers, researchers focus on the key issue of how intimate relationships in the digital labour force are created. In the case of the televised industry, research by Guo and Mou has found that there is a close commercial connection between the anchor and the audience, and that the anchorer controls the closeness of the audience through a “one-to-one” relationship and a “one-to-one” ambivalent relationship.

最后，在劳动者内部关系方面，部分学者特别关注平台劳动者之间的媒介化交往过程。胡杨涓和叶韦明在调查网约车司机群体及其关系结构时发现：平台劳动者之间存在着高度媒介化的交往关系，例如微信群已经成为大多数网约车司机彼此联系的重要渠道，他们不仅在此交换诸如路况信息、优惠分享、交规攻略、互相支援等与工作密切相关的重要信息，微信群也是他们日常聊天的“场所”。网约车司机之间的媒介化交往呈现出松散连接、工具属性强和以非正式互动方式为主的基本特征。

Finally, in the context of intra-workers’ relations, some scholars pay particular attention to the process of mediating interactions between platform workers. In investigating the group of network drivers and the structure of their relationships, Huyang and Ye Weimin find that there is a high degree of mediaization among platform workers, such as the micro-credit community, which has become an important channel for most network drivers to communicate with each other, not only where they exchange important information that is closely related to their work, such as road information, preferential sharing, exchange of regulations, mutual support, but also where they are “places” for daily chats.

（三）展演与认同：平台社会中的情感劳动

(iii) Exhibition and identity: emotional work in platform societies

“情感劳动”（affective labour）长期以来是数字劳动研究的焦点。在中国的平台社会语境中，学者们对情感劳动的研究更多的是将其与性别、情感，以及社会动员与社会参与勾连在一起。

Emotional labor has long been the focus of digital labor research. In China’s platform social context, scholars study emotional labor more closely linking it to gender, emotions, and social mobilization and social participation.

其一，在性别与情感问题的相关研究方面，有学者提出：平台劳动场景中依然存在着特定的性别指向，两性视角下劳动者的情感因此极富特殊性。其中比较有代表性的研究有：涂永前和熊赟对女主播在制造用户亲密关系过程中的性别展演研究、刘育婷和肖索未关于家政女工在平台中母性呼唤与拟亲属关系隐喻的研究。不仅如此，吕鹏注意到，在短视频和直播中，男性的情感投入并不少于女性，因此男性在劳动过程中的情感付出不应被忽视。有学者进一步提示：即使叠加了性别主义的研究视角，商品化逻辑之下的劳动情感依然不能被视作真实的心理反馈，而是劳动者与资本协商的一种策略与展演，这也极易导致劳动者建构的情感空间呈现出高度异质化的倾向。

First, in the context of research on gender and emotional issues, it has been suggested by scholars that there are still specific gender orientations in the platform’s work scenes, and that the emotions of workers from a gender perspective are therefore very special. More representative of these studies are: a study on gender in the process of creating intimate relationships between users in the predation and the bear, and a study by Liu Yu Ting and Shaw Soo on the metaphors of motherhood and familial relationships among domestic workers in the platform. Moreover, Lu Peng noted that, in short videos and live broadcasts, the emotional input of men is less than that of women, so that the emotional commitment of men in the labour process should not be overlooked.

其二，部分学者在劳动与情感的二元分析框架上，日益融入社会动员与社会参与理论，且格外重视相关实践。庄曦和董珊运用情感劳动的概念，在探讨明星粉丝数据组“共识制造”过程的问题时提出：愤怒情绪和耻化情绪正在成为粉丝情感动员的重要策略。不难发现，这些研究将情感视为社会行动中一种有效的动员机制。此外，有学者强调，虽然平台劳动者的劳动过程无法逃脱资本控制与支配的逻辑，他们的情感难免被流量逻辑所裹挟，但情感劳动也生产出满足自我需求的附加“劳动产品”，如群体认同、成就感、拟社会关系，甚至是共享的社群精神与感情，这为在现代“大社会”的基础上构建出众多小规模的社会共同体提供了可能性，同时也为数字劳动者提供了重要的社会参与方式与途径。

Second, some scholars are increasingly involved in the theory of social mobilization and social participation in the binary framework of labour and emotion. Using the concept of emotional work as a tool for discussing the process of “consensual creation” of star fans' data sets, they argue that anger and stigma are becoming an important strategy for the emotional mobilization of fans. It is not difficult to find that these studies view emotions as an effective mobilization mechanism for social action. Moreover, it is stressed that, while the labour processes of platform workers cannot escape the logic of capital control and domination, their emotions are not easily held hostage by the logic of flow, emotional work also produces additional “labour products” that satisfy their needs, such as group identity, sense of achievement, social relations, and even shared social spirits and feelings, which offer the possibility of creating a large social community based on modern “large society” and also provide important ways and means of social participation for digital workers.

数字劳动及其研究的未来：Web 3.0技术与新挑战、新机遇

Digital labour and the future of its research: Web 3.0 technologies and new challenges, new opportunities

当作为第三代互联网的Web 3.0技术蓬勃发展与广泛应用之际，人们不禁开始思考和发问：Web3.0技术带给劳动者哪些挑战与机遇？它能否挑战平台资本主义，进而构建一个“去中心化”的网络世界？人类社会是否会随之进入更高阶的数字文明形态？数字劳动及其研究的未来又将如何？

As the Web 3.0 technology of the third generation of the Internet flourishes and is widely applied, one can only begin to wonder and ask: What challenges and opportunities do Web3.0 technology bring to workers? Can it challenge platform capitalism and thus build a “de-centralized” web world?

（一）Web3.0技术与新挑战：“数字下层阶级”的形成与对数据劳动的剥削

(i) Web3.0 technologies and new challenges: the formation of the “digital underclass” and the exploitation of data labour

有学者发现，虽然Web3.0技术（主要是人工智能技术）在影像识别、语言分析、棋类游戏等领域已经超越了人类的水平，但它目前尚无法甄别网络中文本、图像、声音和视频之间细微的文化差别，所以人工智能的开发离不开“人工”，即人类劳动，这在数据标注工作中表现得特别明显。所谓数据标注工作，是指对大量不同场景中文本、图像、语音、视频等数据进行归类、整理、纠错和批注。这些工作必须借助人力来进行数据挖掘、模型创建和算法完善。数据标注员也成为了美国人类学家玛丽·格雷（Mary Gray）和计算机科学家西达尔特·苏里（Siddharth Suri）笔下最为典型的“幽灵工人”（ghost workers）——他们被隐藏于人工智能的假象之中，成为规模庞大但却“不被看见”的劳动力群体。

Researchers have found that while Web3.0 technology (mainly artificial intelligence) has surpassed human levels in areas such as image recognition, language analysis, chess games, it has not yet been able to identify the subtle cultural differences between text, image, sound and video in the network, so that artificial intelligence development cannot be separated from “manual” or human labour, which is particularly evident in data tagging. Data tagging refers to the sorting, collating, correcting, and labelling of a large number of different scenes of text, image, voice, video, and other data.

当前平台经济中的幽灵工人还包括网络内容审核员。他们日复一日从事着简单的、枯燥的、机械化的工作任务——对各类互联网信息进行修改、删除与筛选。这些工作任务准入门槛不高，因此报酬普遍较低。为了维持生计，网络内容审核员不得不选择长时间、高强度的工作，且他们的劳动很难被看见。有学者提出，这种“不可见性”使得要改善他们的生存条件变得异常艰难，遑论挑战和改变平台权力及其背后的结构与机制。辛国琼在对国内某短视频平台内容审核员的研究中发现：他们每小时需要完成审核近千条短视频内容，每天工作10余个小时，且必须无条件接受三班倒的工作安排。此外，短视频中充满攻击谩骂、色情和血腥暴力的内容更是直接威胁到他们的心理健康。在辛国琼的研究中，这些内容审核员大多来自当地的中专院校，他们往往学业水平较低、专业素养薄弱，且缺乏人际关系网络的支持。

The phantom workers in the current platform economy also include network content reviewers. They perform simple, boring, mechanized tasks on a daily basis - modifying, removing and filtering all types of Internet information. These jobs have little access and are generally less well paid. In order to sustain their livelihoods, network content reviewers have to choose long and intense jobs, and their work is hard to see. Some scholars argue that such “visibility” makes it extremely difficult to improve their living conditions, challenges and changes in the platform's power and the structure and mechanisms behind it.

大卫·马丁（David Martin）等学者认为，在西方，大量被排除在劳动力市场之外、技能水平相对较低的劳动者正在沦为平台经济中“数字下层阶级”（digital underclass）。在我国，随着Web 3.0技术的创新与发展，当从事幽灵工作的劳动力数量和规模日益增长时，是否也将形成“数字下层阶级”？

According to scholars such as David Martin, in the West, a large number of workers who are excluded from the labour market and with relatively low skills are becoming “digital underclass” (digital underclasses) in the platform economy. In my country, with the innovation and development of Web 3.0 technologies, as the number and size of the workforce engaged in ghost work grows, will it also become “digital underclass”?

这一问题不仅涉及技术发展所带来的劳动退化与贬值，而且关系到平台经济模式下中国特色和谐劳动关系建构，因此极为重要。值得未来数字劳动研究者深入思考。

This issue is of great importance, not only in terms of the degradation and devaluation of labour brought about by technological developments, but also in terms of the construction of harmonious labour relations under the platform’s economic model. It is important that future digital labour researchers reflect deeply on this issue.

与Web3.0技术（尤其是物联网、大数据与数据挖掘技术）发展密切相关的另一个数字劳动问题，涉及对劳动者所生产的数据所有权与使用权的讨论。

Another digital labour issue that is closely linked to the development of Web3.0 technology (especially material networking, big data and data mining technology) involves a discussion of the ownership and use of data produced by workers.

这些数据既包括用户身份属性方面的数据，如年龄、性别、民族、经济状况等；又包括其行为属性方面的数据，如网络浏览内容、停留时间、离线时间、兴趣爱好、聊天内容等。首先，平台通过收集用户的各类数据对其进行“精准画像”，后者成为了新的在线广告定向推送的依据；其次，这些数据为技术公司的算法训练提供了源源不断的原材料。

These include data on user identification properties, such as age, gender, ethnicity, economic status, and their behavioural properties, such as web browsing content, stay time, offline time, hobbies, chatting content. First, the Platform “precision portraits” of users by collecting various types of data, which form the basis for new online advertising orientations; and second, the data provide a source of raw materials for technology companies’ algorithmal training.

由此可见，数据已经成为资本实现盈利的重要生产要素。在这个过程中，一方面，资本无偿占有互联网用户的剩余价值，对其实行强制性剥削；另一方面，互联网用户沦为资本增殖的“数据佃农”。相关研究为我们思考资本、数字劳动与技术之间的复杂关系提供了新的视角。

As a result, data have become an important factor in making capital profitable. In this process, capital, on the one hand, holds the residual value of Internet users free of charge and exploits them compulsorily, and, on the other hand, Internet users have become “data tenants” for capital enrichment. Research has provided us with a new perspective on the complex relationship between capital, digital labour and technology.

需要强调的是，当前中国社会正在逐步进入深度数据化的新形态，在推动健全市场要素配置和平台经济发展的过程中，如何明确数据权属、规范数据使用，保障劳动者和用户的合法权益（尤其是推动个人信息保护的制度化）已经成为平台经济持续发展的关键所在。

It should be emphasized that Chinese society is gradually entering a new form of deep dataization. In promoting the sound configuration of market factors and the economic development of platforms, it has become essential to define data tenure and regulate the use of data, and to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers and users, in particular to promote the institutionalization of personal information protection.

（二）Web3.0技术与新机遇：平台公共性的反思与“数字公地”的建构

(ii) Web3.0 Technologies and new opportunities: reflections on the public nature of the platform and the construction of a “digital commons”

在中国，新冠疫情前所未有地激发了人们的数字化需求，平台经济作为一种基础设施，深刻影响了政务、教育、医疗、通信等诸多行业，数以亿计的平台劳动者卷入其中，成为整个社会非正常运行过程中的关键数据节点，由此引发了对平台公共属性的反思，这种反思正从数字化基础设施和数据产品公共性两个层面展开，同时为未来数字劳动研究者进行更多“去平台化”的学术思考与在地实践提供了重要的启示与线索。

In China, the new crown epidemic has generated unprecedented digital demand. The platform economy, as an infrastructure, has profoundly affected many sectors such as government, education, health care and communications, involving hundreds of millions of platform workers as key data nodes in the informal processes of society as a whole. This has led to a rethinking of the public attributes of the platform, which is taking place at both the digital infrastructure and the public nature of data products, while providing important inspiration and clues for the academic thinking and in-the-ground practice of future digital labour researchers to “de-platformize” more.

同时，近年来，西方关于“数字公地”（digital commons）的研究为中国的平台公共化进程注入了新的想象力。著名的传播政治经济学家格雷厄姆·默多克（Graham Murdock）教授尖锐地批判了互联网空间中激烈的竞争与圈地运动，并认为这使其违背了互联网作为公共领域的初始想象。在他看来，复兴“道德经济”和重新审视公地历史将有助于解决上述问题。部分中国学者也围绕着平台合作社（platform cooperatives）、世界地方主义（cosmolocalism）等与“数字公地”相关的概念进行了系统性的理论探讨。这些与西方学者所提出的“数字社会主义”想象高度相关的概念，在中国是否有付诸实践的现实土壤？“数字公地”的构建与中国平台公共化、中国数字经济的高质量发展之间的关系，有待学界进一步思考与深化。

At the same time, in recent years, Western research on “digital commons” has injected new imagination into China’s platform’s publicization process. Graham Murdock, a well-known communications political economist, has sharply criticized the fiercely competitive and circular movement in the Internet space, arguing that it runs counter to the initial vision of the Internet as a public domain. In his view, reviving the “ethics economy” and revisiting the history of the public domain will help solve these problems.

（载《传媒观察》2023年第4期。原文约12000字，题目为《“却顾所来径”：中国数字劳动10年研究的核心议题与知识图谱

The original text is about 1 2000, entitled

》。此为节选，注释从略，学术引用请参考原文。本文为上海市“曙光计划”项目“智能媒介技术下新闻生产的人机关系及影响研究”（22S?G04）、复旦大学2022—2023年度人文社科青年融合创新团队项目“数字劳动的发展困境及治理路径研究”（IDH3353068）、部校共建复旦大学新闻学院上海新媒体实验中心项目“平台劳动的实践困境及其治理路径研究”（XWH3353210）的阶段性研究成果。）

. This is an excerpt from 22S > tttttttttt > > tttt:tttttttt:tttttttttttttt > > > tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt

【作者简介】 姚建华，复旦大学新闻学院教授，复旦大学马克思主义新闻观教学与研究基地研究员，复旦大学全球传播全媒体研究院研究员，博士生导师

Yao Jianhua, Professor, School of Journalism, University of Gangdan; Researcher, Marxist Press Studies and Research Base, University of Wandan; Research Fellow, Institute of Global Media for Communication, University of Yao Jianhua, PhD student mentor

张媛媛，扬州大学新闻与传媒学院数字媒体应用研究所研究助理

Zhang Xuan, Research Assistant, Institute of Digital Media Applications, School of Journalism and Media, Yangzhou University

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