31区的第170期推送
> 170 > >.
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世界上没有两片一样的树叶，也没有两个相同的数字货币地址。
There are no two identical leaves in the world, nor are there two identical digital currency addresses.
如果你创建了一个数字货币地址，也就意味着，你拥有了世界上独一无二的ID，其他人绝对没法获得那些数字货币的所有权。
If you create a digital currency address, it means that you have a unique ID in the world, and no one else can get ownership of those digital currencies.
如果给你下面几个地址，你可以很快判断出哪一个是比特币地址吗？
If I give you the next few addresses, can you tell quickly which one is the Bitcoin address?
DNTWiV8q3oCKHyrk4iRE4yivFpcSaP3tss
1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa
0x8c75bc81434d17fba6994c30773bf8eabb509c81
不同类型数字货币有不同的地址，原因是它们的设置规则不一样，导致了大家看到的代币地址也不同。
Different types of digital currencies have different addresses because of their different set-up rules, which lead to different token addresses being seen.
上述问题答案是，第二个地址属于比特币地址，前一个是狗狗币地址，最后一个则是以太坊地址。
The answer to the above question is that the second address belongs to the Bitcoin address, the previous one to the Dogcoin address and the last to the Etheria address.
数字货币地址透露的讯息远不止于此。
The digital currency address reveals much more than that.
虽然数字货币鼓吹匿名、去中心化，但是，除非你和中本聪一样神出鬼没，不然，数字货币世界里没有绝对能让人隐匿的方法。只要对外暴露过钱包地址，比如项目空投时，你为了免费的糖果，透露了自己地址，基本上也就向外人公布了你的资产数量与动向。
Although digital money advocates anonymity and decentralisation, there is no absolute way to hide it in the digital currency world unless you're as good as Nakamoto. As long as you expose wallet addresses, such as project drops, you reveal your address for free candy, and basically announce to outsiders the amount and movement of your assets.
这当然也给有心人带来了可乘之机。
This, of course, also provides an opportunity for interested people to take advantage of it.
1
来自币圈老手的忠告
初次接触数字货币的人，可能会被一大串数字货币钱包地址搞晕，长达几十位，混合了数字、大小写字母的钱包地址，生成过程没有任何规律可言，看起来就像是乱码。
Those who first come into contact with digital money may be stunned by a large array of digital money wallet addresses, up to dozens of places, and the wallet addresses that mix digital, case-size letters, without any regularity in the process of being generated, as if it were a mess.
而币圈老人给新手的第一条忠告，往往是“转账过程，一定要多次确认对方钱包地址”，与互联网产品的“用户忘记密码，还可以找回”不同，一般情况下，一旦用户把数字货币转错了地址，找回的可能性几乎为零。
The first advice given to newcomers by currency circles is often “transfer process, requiring multiple confirmation of each other's wallet address” and, unlike Internet products, “users forget passwords and can recover them”, in general, once users turn digital currency to the wrong address, the chances of recovery are virtually nil.
实际上，早期的比特币转账，并不要求用户输入这么长的目的地址，用户可以通过类似“104.25.248.32”这样简单IP地址，给对方发送比特币。但方便的操作也带来安全隐患，交易数据确定交易过程中，极有可能产生被黑客截获，修改数据的风险。
In fact, early bitcoin transfers do not require users to enter such a long destination address, and users can send to each other bitcoin via a simple IP address like “104.5.248.32.” But convenient operations also pose security risks, and transactional data determine transactions with a high risk of being intercepted by hackers and data modified.
在禁用Pay to IP的方法后，比特币社区开始采用一种新标准，即P2PKH，全称Pay To Public Key Hash，即“支付给公钥的哈希”，约定双方转账时，采用一种独特的转账地址。
After banning the Pay to IP method, the Bitcoin community introduced a new standard, P2PKH, known as Pay To Public Key Hash, the “Hashi to the public key” and used a unique transfer address when agreeing to transfer between the parties.
以中本聪的钱包地址“1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa”为例，比特币地址由34个字符组成，以1开头，数字、大小写字母搭配组合。
For example, the wallet address “1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7Divfna” consists of 34 characters and starts with a combination of numeric, case-sensitive letters.
简单来说，数字货币地址的创建过程是这样的：当你创建新钱包时，先通过一种名叫ECDSA的加密算法，生成唯一私钥，私钥创建完成后，再通过算法生成公钥，公钥经过一系列运算，得出相关字符串，即钱包地址。
In short, the digital currency address is created as follows: when you create a new wallet, a unique private key is created through an encryption algorithm called ECDSA, when the private key is created, and then a public key is generated by algorithm, and the public key is generated through a series of calculations, resulting in the relevant string, i.e. the wallet address.
一旦私钥泄露，其他人就可以通过私钥，转走地址中的币。
Once the private key is leaked, the other person can transfer the currency in the address through the private key.
私钥、公钥、钱包地址之间的关系
Relationship between private keys, public keys, wallet addresses
2
找到中本聪拥有的比特币
finds the Chinese-owned bitcoin
与比特币类似，以太坊也采用了类似的加密系统，只不过采用了新的算法。
Like Bitcoin, Ether also uses similar encryption systems, except for new algorithms.
观察上文提到的以太坊地址“0x8c75bc81434d17fba6994c30773bf8eabb509c81”，可以发现，这类地址均以"0x"开头，0x本身没有任何含义，它是C语言流传下来，约定俗成的写法。其他组成部分由0-9和ABCDEF，16个元素中挑选出40个，不区分大小写，随机组合。
Observing the above-mentioned euphemism address “0x8c75bc81434d17fba6994c30773bf8eab509c81”, it can be found that all such addresses begin with "0x" and that 0x has no meaning in itself, which is a custom writing in C language. The other components are selected from 0-9 and ABCDF, with 40 of the 16 elements, regardless of case size, random combinations.
现在你应该清楚了，一般情况下，你能见到的比特币地址是34位的，以1开头，而以太坊地址则是42位的，以0x开头，这样简单的方法足以让你辨别出哪些地址属于比特币，哪些属于以太坊。
Now you should know that normally, you can see 34 bitcoin addresses, starting with 1 and 42 in Taipan, starting with 0x, which is a simple enough way to identify which addresses belong to Bitcoin and which belong to Etheria.
由于以太坊采用了比特币类似的加密系统，以太坊地址可以通过一定方式，转化成比特币的地址。但无论是比特币，还是以太坊地址，基本都是几十位元素组成，没有特定规律，人们很难记住这些地址，因此，有人抱怨这类地址格式影响了用户体验。
Since the Taiyo has adopted a bitcoin-like encryption system, which can be converted into bitcoin addresses in some way. However, either Bitcoin or Taijo addresses are basically dozens of elements that are difficult to remember without a specific pattern, and there are complaints that the format of such addresses affects the user’s experience.
早在2016年，就有团队提出，支持用户定制钱包名称，创建个性化的比特币地址，但这种做法并没有获得比特币玩家的支持，就像QWERTY键盘并非最完美的键盘，以1为开头的34位地址，早已成为比特币的重要标志之一。这种呼声很快就消失了。
As early as 2016, a team offered to support user customizing wallet names and creating a personalized bitcoin address, but this did not enjoy the support of a bitcoin player, as the QWERTY keyboard was not the perfect keyboard, and the 34 addresses, starting with one, had long become one of the important signs of bitcoin. Such calls quickly disappeared.
此前，有媒体称，中本聪一个人坐拥数百万枚比特币，这并无实证。
Earlier, according to the media, there was no proof that Nakamoto was alone in the possession of millions of bitcoins.
但可以确定的是，中本聪确实是比特币创世区块中50个比特币的所有者，原因是该区块上留有中本聪的数字签名：The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks。
But it can be ascertained that Binteng was indeed the owner of 50 bitcoins in the Bitcoin creation block because the block had a digital signature of the Times 03/Jan/2009 Challengellor on bridge of second bailout for banks.
这句泰晤士报当天头版文章标题，被永久记录在区块链上，被大家解读为是中本聪对传统经济、金融的突破性尝试。
The title of the newspaper's headline, which was permanently recorded on the block chain, was interpreted by everyone as a breakthrough attempt on traditional economy and finance.
3
监控地址得到的讯息
Message from surveillance address
数字货币交易的特点是，一旦发生代币转移，转移信息会被永久记录在区块链上。我们正是从链上无法篡改的数据，确定50枚比特币属于中本聪，除了数字签名，链上数据还有很多信息，比如代币转移记录、持有者、代币占比等等。
Digital currency transactions are characterized by the fact that, in the event of a currency transfer, the transfer of information is permanently recorded on the block chain. It is precisely from the data that cannot be tampered with that chain that we determine that 50 bitcoins belong to the centre and that, in addition to digital signatures, there is much information on the data on the chain, such as the money transfer record, the holder, the currency share, etc.
“很多时候，大家过度关注了非公开信息，以为只有深挖的信息才有价值，但对数字货币来说，公开的链上信息才最有价值。”资深数字货币分析师文牧告诉31QU。
“Many times, too much attention has been paid to non-public information to the effect that only deeply dug information is valuable, but for digital money the open chain of information is the most valuable.” The Senior Digital Currency Analyst told 31QU.
文牧提及的公开链上数据，来源正是大家熟知的以太坊数据网站：https://etherscan.io/aboutus。他表示，etherscan上记录的以太坊信息都是真实的，通过分析这些数据，可以获得很多信息，比如所有大户的持仓情况、流入流出信息。
The source of the open chain data mentioned by the MHW is the well-known Etheria data site: https://etherscan.io/aboutus. He states that the Etherscan information is true and that, by analysing the data, a lot of information can be obtained, such as stock holdings in large households and outflows.
etherscan网站上的IOST代币分配数据
IIST Currency Distribution Data on the ethscan website
以IOST为例，etherscan上产生的数据，都是代币持有者之间产生的真实数据。
In the case of IOST, for example, the data generated on the etherscan are the real data generated between currency holders.
比如，在“代币持有者”这一列中可以清楚的看到，35%的IOST代币，被存放在地址0xe6bc59e7de4e4dd2efc1f2fe0065df334e3f5b7d，“第一名持仓者通常是项目团队，第二、三名一般是大户账户，”文牧表示，市场的整体趋势主要是由大户买卖造成，通过观测大户持仓的变化，大致可以预知市场下一步的变化。
It is clear, for example, that 35 per cent of IOT in the column “demonstrate holders” are stored at the address 0xe6bc59e7de4d4d2efc1f2f2fe0065df334e3f5b7d, “the first warehousekeeper is usually the project team and the second and third account is the large household account”, and that the overall market trend is largely due to large household sales, and by observing the changes in large household holdings, it is largely possible to predict the next changes in the market.
“比如大户开始把币转到交易所，接下来有可能就是砸盘；如果大户开始把币从交易所转至钱包，有可能就是看好这个项目，买回来更多的代币。”文牧称，这种现象在项目方控盘明显的山寨币，表现得更为突出，只不过大家都没有注意这一点。
“For example, when large households start to transfer money to the exchange, then they may be hit; if large households start to transfer money from the exchange to their wallets, it may be good to see the project and buy more coins.” According to Mansheng, this phenomenon is more pronounced in the visible mountain coins of the project's plank, although no one is aware of it.
“不过，随着投资的专业化趋势，大家已经开始注重这些信息，目前已经有监控地址流入流出变化的App出现，从而更好指导操作。”文牧称，对于项目方控盘力度极小的币，监控结果的指导性意义也不是非常明显。
“In the light of the trend towards specialization, however, attention has begun to be paid to this information, and the presence of the App, which now monitors the flow of sites to and from the site, thus providing better guidance.
除了上文提到，可以监控资产变动的数字货币地址，在所有的数字货币地址中，还有很大一部分币已经消失。
In addition to the digital currency addresses to which changes in assets can be monitored, as mentioned above, a significant proportion of all digital currency addresses have disappeared.
4
地址黑洞
Address Black Hole
“如果你有0.1个比特币，你已经领先85%的比特币持有人，领先全球99.99999997%的人；10万个比特币以上的账户，全球只有3个；”从这个数据说明，全球范围持有比特币的玩家，还是少数派。
“If you have 0.1 bitcoins, you've already led 85 percent of the Bitcoins and 99.9999997 percent of the world's population; there are over 100,000 bitcoins of accounts, only three globally;” from this data, you're a global player in bitcoin, or a minority.
实际上，总量2100万（准确的说是20999999.97690000）枚的比特币中，除了尚未挖出的比特币，在市面上流通的比特币数量非常少。原因是，相当一部分比特币已经永久丢失，丢失也就意味着，后来者再也无法动用这些地址上的数字货币。
In fact, out of a total of 21 million bitcoins (exactly 2099999.9769000), there are very few bitcoins in circulation on the market, except for bitcoins that have not yet been excavated. The reason is that a significant portion of bitcoins has been permanently lost, which means that later people will no longer be able to use the digital currency on those addresses.
这部分丢失的比特币有多少，谁也不知道。不过，去年11月，数字货币分析公司Chainalysis公开的一份报告称，目前已有价值约400亿美元的比特币处于无主状态，数量约为278万至379万枚，占现有比特币总量的17%到23%。
However, in November last year, a report released by the digital currency analysis company Chainalysis indicated that about $40 billion worth of bitcoins, or about 2.78 million to 3.79 million, were now in a state of anarchy, accounting for 17 to 23 per cent of the total amount of bitcoins available.
截止2017年，已经有多少比特币永久丢失？
How many bitcoins have been permanently lost by 2017?
Chainalysis给 “丢失”的定义是，钱包创建者完全忘记自己曾拥有过比特币，又或者已经忘了钱包地址或者私钥，即使知道自己有过比特币，也找不回来了。
The definition of “lost” given by Chainalysis is that the wallet creator completely forgets that he had any bitcoin, or that he has forgotten his wallet address or his private key, and that even if he knew that he had any bitcoin, he would not be able to recover it.
这样的案例并不少见。2013年，一位名叫Stone Man的比特币爱好者则丢失了8999枚比特币，原因是其不恰当的操作，将币发送到了一个完全不存在的地址；另一位名叫James Howells的英国男子则是将一个存有7500枚比特币的硬盘丢到了垃圾堆。
Such cases are not uncommon. In 2013, a bitcoin lover named Stone Man lost 8999 bitcoins because of inappropriate operations that sent them to an entirely non-existent address; another English man named James Howells threw a hard drive containing 7,500 bitcoins into the trash.
这些丢失的比特币，永远留在了区块链上。
These lost bitcoins are forever on the block chain.
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不过，随着比特币价格的提升，用户越来越注重保护私钥，丢失比特币的案例越来越少了。
However, as the price of bitcoin rises, users are increasingly focusing on the protection of private keys, and the loss of bitcoin is becoming less frequent.
对用户来说，接受冗长的数字货币地址，遵循前人定下的规则，似乎已经成为进入这个领域的第一道关卡。
For users, the acceptance of long digital currency addresses, following the rules established by their predecessors, appears to be the first level of entry into the field.
在区块链的匿名世界里，我们可以自由地交易，但对于有心人来说，仍然可以循着这些地址留下的草蛇灰线，发现背后的故事。
In the anonymous world of the block chain, we can trade freely, but for those with hearts, we can still follow the grey lines of these addresses and discover the stories behind them.
这种游离的自由边界，或许正是数字货币地址的魅力所在。
It is perhaps the charm of a digital currency address that moves away from the free border.
31区正在招募记者，工作地点：北京。感兴趣的同学可以发送简历至邮箱：zhangchong@31qu.cn，或加31区区长微信（ID：pinkpinkda）。期待志同道合的你加入！
District 31 is recruiting journalists at their place of work: Beijing. Interested students can send curricula vitae to email: zhangchong@31qu.cn, or to the Director of District 31 (ID:pinklinkda).
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